418 SEAL CYLINDERS OF WESTERN ASIA. 
is drawn by horses in a chariot, as seen in Chapter tim. In hunting scenes 
the hunter often either rides on a horse (figs. 1075-1079, 1081, 1082) or is in a chariot 
(see figs. 1083, 1084, 1088, 1104), and the same is true of the soldier in war (see figs. 
1057-1060). But that wagons or chariots were known at an extremely early period, 
even the most archaic, is clear from the war chariot of Eannadu (Heuzey, “Cata- 
logue des Ant. Chald.” p. 105, D1; “‘Découvertes,” plate 3 bis, and 4 ter), but 
unfortunately the animals drawing it are missing. They may be, as Boscawen 
says, asses, or more likely bulls, just as in fig. 137) one is riding on the back of a 
bull. Those archaic cylinders in which we see a god in a chariot drawn by a dragon 
(figs. 127, 128) are also evidence of the very early employment of some kind of 
animal to draw wheeled vehicles. ‘The only archaic cylinder known in which the 
chariot is drawn by an animal and not a mythical figure (fig. 119) is very much 
worn, so that it is not clear what the animal is. I supposed it to be a horse (Am. 
Journal of Arch., 1898, pp. 159-162), but on further study I am inclined to think 
it is a bull. The horse is mentioned in the Gilgamesh epic (tablet 6, 1, 53), 
and the reading is clear, the common ideograph for sisu, ass of the mountain, 
being used. The word also appears in I, 20, but (as Jastrow writes me on this 
subject) the passage is doubtful. “If Jensen’s restoration szsuka, thy horse, is 
correct, we would have a proof of the horse tamed for drawing a chariot. As the 
passage stands it remains doubtful whether in the Gilgamesh Epic the wild or the 
tamed horse is meant. At all events the juxtaposition with Jion (nesu, 1,51) indi- 
cates that it is used as a symbol of strength.” Jastrow further mentions that the 
horse first appears in Kallima-Sin’s letter to King Amenophis, No. 1 of the Berlin 
Collection of Amarna archives, about 1400 B. C., in which he gives greeting to the 
King’s “house, wives, land, chariots, and horses.” From the time of Tiglath 
Pileser I. (1100 B.C.) horses are often mentioned in the Assyrian inscriptions. 
Most important of all to show the earliest use of an animal for draft purposes is 
the fragment from Nippur, of the extremest antiquity (fig. 55), given in Hilprecht’s 
Babylonian Expedition, 1, plate 16. This seems to antedate the use of even the ass 
as well as the ox and the horse, and shows us a man plowing with a horned animal, 
not a goat or sheep, which may be a gazelle or antelope. It would be interesting 
to know at what period the horse was adopted in the Babylonian constellation. 
The Bear is seen, as | remember, on but one late cylinder (fig. 1077). The 
animal stands on its hind legs, in the attitude familiar in modern art. 
The Camel: ‘This quadruped occurs but once, I think, on a cylinder (fig. 
1080) where an Arab is hunting a lion. 
The Wild Boar must have been very common, as it still is, in the valleys and 
swamps, but it is very rarely figured. It appears on one very early cylinder (fg. 
102), where it is feeding in a swamp among the reeds. We have a much later 
cylinder (fig. 1030) all covered with small swine; and there are scenes in which a 
hunter attacks a boar with a spear (figs. 1063, 1064, 1082, 1097a). 
The Dog appears very early, and then perhaps as the guardian of the flock. 
We see him in the seals which show us Etana and the eagle, looking up to heaven 
as if to watch his vanishing master (Chapter xxu1). He is on the later Babylo- 
nian cylinders, as in figs. 549, 551. He is frequently figured on hunting scenes 
(figs. 630, 1064, 1075, 1094) of the Persian period or earlier. The dog was the 
emblem of Gula-Bau, as shown by the kudurrus (figs. 1285-7, 1289, 1290, 1292). 
