42 THE SUCCESSIVE CULTURES AT ANAU. 
Let us rest a moment and look back at this culture, whose top is marked 
by skeletons and whose beginning is buried in the depths of the earth. We look 
upon the ghost of a civilization that lasted through two millenniums of remote 
time, older than the known cultures of Babylon and Egypt. We see already in 
the beginning the busy village life, the women spinning, weaving, cultivating and 
grinding grain on mealing-stones and baking bread in the bottomless bake-oven 
pots. The potters are fashioning vessels, perhaps uttering incantations as they 
place ring after ring of moist clay in position, while others are preparing the ochers 
and deftly painting the long-inherited designs. Out on the plains men are culti- 
vating the soil while others are hunting the wild cattle and horses with fire- 
hardened arrows, pits, or lassos, and tracking the sheep in the mountains. 
But even while we look, the centuries have flown by, and lo! the village 
has grown high above the oasis. Far out on the plain men are herding cattle, 
horses, and flocks of sheep, or tending droves of swine in the woods of the moun- 
tain valleys. What we have seen in this view of a long-buried and long-forgotten 
people is a true picture of what has never been seen before—the actual transition 
of man from barbarism to civilization; we have seen the starting-point of our 
domestic animals and the beginning of that control of man over the horse which 
enabled him to revolutionize the ancient world. 
CuLTuRE II.—ANAU NorTH KURGAN, UPPER CULTURE. 
They had hand-made painted ware, both monochrome 
and geometric patterns. 
No potters’ wheel. 
No handles to vessels. 
No burnt bricks. 
No glazed ware nor glazed beads. 
No incrusted ware. 
No tin-bronze. 
No celts. 
No arrow-points of stone or metal. 
No spear-points of stone or metal. 
No figures, human or animal. 
No gold or silver found. 
bottomless bake-oven pots. 
flint sickles and awls; mealing-stones. 
maces. 
slingstones. 
copper pins. 
lead. 
rectangular houses of air-dried bricks, with 
pivotal door-stones. 
turquoise beads. 
lapis-lazuli beads. 
carnelian beads. 
spindle-whorls. 
contracted burials of children, in houses. 
the domestic ox, both long and short- 
horned, the pig and horse. 
The domestic goat, camel, and dog appear, and a new 
—hornless—breed of sheep. 
Standing in Komorof’s trench one can see the beginning of this culture, marked 
by a well-defined horizontal line extending, at the level of 25 feet above the plain, 
along the side of the trench entirely across the kurgan. Above the level thus 
marked, the strata, while equally hard with those below, are, unlike these, honey- 
combed by wind-carving on their exposed edges, a condition that may be due to 
some difference in the manner of utilizing the clay in constructing the houses. 
Our excavations showed that this level marks everywhere the end of culture I and 
the base of culture IT. 
