CONTENTS. Vil 
CHAPTER III. THE Successive CuLtrures at ANAU.—Continued. 4 
Chronology.—Continued. 
Average of these rates in city of Anau 2.5 feet per century............000cceeeeceees 55 
Culture-strata of the kurgans much more compacted and rate cf grcwth taken at 2 feet 
DET. COULUT Vt at ¥ can ois, Sere hale Nereis tee eee ee siete cs ie eee eine ccaetern ns 55 
Results of author’s study of rates of growth of village mounds at Egyptian temples show 
in the six cases studied rates ranging from 1.35 to 1.9 feet, an average of 1.66 
PECL CE CORLL Ur re teehee eee IOS, oe nae aes yl 5 Ae Ly tenene 55-56 
Estimated dating of the different cultures at Anau................ccccccecccceccces 57 
Ces ee a en AE Note Me te ade ce at eo EEN CS, PUNE ca aa 57-62 
Cyclical character of the aggradings and cuttings-down:.............0 cece ceueceues 57 
Reasons for ascribing them to climatic changes rather than to orogenic movements..... 57 
Geological evidence from Ghiaur Kala confirmatory of historical evidence............. 58 
Parallelism with rise and decay of civilizations and with biological changes............ 58 
Cyclesiol :3(OOOm Or OOGEV CULO Mtn tet tim te menre aa Se RS EAE oiela ies s.. br stron eine a 59 
Te RT ApIie Lepr erent St ieror PIAL | Wer acc cts? . |b sie'sls ee hans 9 sl gta ele weap ns os sik alee « 59 
Relation of cycles to the successive civilizations of the North and South Kurgans.... 60 
Roehm eles tren aE Bek he Cota Ge is gir. eer as Se es Uae es be bee neous as 61 
The 2,200-foot Askhabad well possibly a time scale in glacial geology................. 62 
CHAP THREALVAELLvEOLHE SIS" OB LHe OASIS“ WORLD nein tel cts evel fae e cl olels ode Guaiele s aliieteieieieua a ela a 63-66 
The two earliest civilizations, I and II, distinguished by complete absence of axes, spear- 
POMS SAN GITOW-NENUSita yo aichdiee = Se d.giow ohie «4 EN Noctis We fv a x ee ass 63 
This indicates absolute isolation from Europe and Africa since a time earlier than the 
TER IOI OF Une Maem OIES: Se) inate Soa arin sees Cy ole aialwars ofe's%s|s «0 as 63 
Therefore Anau Cultures I and II wholly native to the region of inner-continental isolation 63 
This isolation must date from one of the stages of the Glacial period.................. 63 
The post-glacial progressive trend towards aridity caused segregation of peoples, first into 
larger groups and later into smaller ones on isolated oases or in high moun- 
tain valleys, causing differentiation in evolution of social organization and 
CLIRELLE etry reer eas crs es PS cs ce cy ener eeet ate ate a ne te Rehr es cient oe Me eo eet 64 
The earliest culture at Anau presupposes a long-continued previous evolution.......... 64 
Cultures I and II show inheritance from a still earlier stage common to both, knowing 
town life and cultivation of wheat and barley.......2..........000005. 64-65 
People of Culture III (South Kurgan) were related to those of I and II, but they show, in 
stone arrow-points and objects of foreign cults, influence of cultures from 
WiLNOUE Che SpherensmasOlatiOne ati cls stot Soeloiet asic Ne cle vin sce ss kd ces wis 65 
ING evidence. of Mediterranea ae mitenCey oe scale aj.tercle petals clelelt os viele ein wca ae levblala ojala ls ous 65 
Evidence of a regionally widespread autochthonous culture-evolution................. 65 
The gradual shrinkage of habitable areas and disappearance of herds of wild animals; 
mankind concentrated on oases necessarily begins the evolution of agri- 
CUI ee aS a oe te ale Sa ete eal eedretans ado cob te lta aeneiole oLatiplin aS .cses 65 
Growing need leads to beginning of irrigation, to broader development of agriculture and 
conquest of arid regions, rendering possible the centralized, imperial civili- 
vationsor Milam and ‘Babylontarer.we st ciertit toile sien «202 sacle >, 3 © 66 
The fundamental essentials of civilization that were native to the sphere of isolation 
were agriculture, domestication of animals, use of copper and lead, the arts 
of spinning and of painting om pottery eek ot clea sa mie as Seabee sSls « 66 
The intervention of the Glacial period and its reaction on inner-continental conditions 
were the initial, conditioning factors in the evolution of the intellectual 
andsocial Life) of manen merohaiee see ee tepog tek ata aiieday ort esy> wileiatoket ageism. wile 0! cits 66 
CHAPTERS V oo Litt s MIGRATIONS - 5 S1/o corm yee pune tei of abe we lies ei aise paraeieh a nie #6 oe Fag 8 Bs Sw oF ops 67-75 
Since cultivation of cereals began long before 8000 B. c. (before founding of North Kurgan), 
and since domestication of animals was accomplished successively between 
8000 and 6800 B. ¢., that is, after the founding of North Kurgan, it follows— 
I, that the agricultural stage preceded the nomadic shepherd stage in Asia............+. 67 
II, that before domestication of animals, mankind in Central Asia was sharply divided 
into settled agriculturists on oases, and hunters wandering within a limited 
