VI CONTENTS. 
PAGE 
CHAprer Ill. Tre SUCCESSIVE GULTURES PAT HANA Ui cect retete tere arteete treater een ete tetst ered et tenet 37-62 
Diagram of cultures, ....2 2 09% cieme «np pie Rainy ais Rios a mieie os susthh)Wiarh ie SUNaMe «ignite lai a7 
Culture I (4Eneolithic), North Kurgan. Negative and positive characteristics............. 38 
Aréa of the Site. cscs. cicus daca «vie Phone et pie one eet teh etek eee ene ree cnt 38 
A settlement of houses of unburnt bricks from the beginning, with hand-made painted 
pottery, and the art of sping. ..5 a ee ives eee eee es 38 
Cultivators of wheat and barley .-.5 vie oe 0 -1eteie certs eee eee eta eerie ce “39 
Children buried in ‘‘contracted position” under house-floors...............eeeeeeeeee 39 
Some knowledge of lead and of copper without tim.. .9.<0 2 sae mines iin ey ie as ale 40 
Duerst’s discovery that domestication of animals began in this culture period—ox, horse, 
pig, and two stuccessive breeds of sheep 4... cn eee ee 41 
Culture II, North Kurgan. Negative and positive characteristics.................+2+e00- 42 
This people related to those of Culture I... 2 cs st enews nan ss seu nh> eer e ue ye eetirls 43 
More knowledge of copper; no tin; more highly developed hand-made pottery and orna- 
ment, and lapis lazuli; they bring shepherd’s dog, goat, and camel; sheep 
become hornless. Period ends in time of aridity....................-. 43 
Culture IIT (Copper); South Kurgan. ots 25h ss wand oe Wa et bes oe eee ee 43-49 
Negative and positive chafacteristits.<. .. 0, oso naxss dhe nn tse wines as eae 43 
Begins with founding of South Kurgan during favorable stage of climatic cycle........ 44 
Fully developed Copper Age of Central Asia. Pottery wheel-made and rarely painted. . 44 
Tin rare and in small percentages, unintentionally present in a few objects of copper, 
absent: in cutting ‘implements: 7 a2. asterism eerie eet or eateries ciate ieee 44 
Localities of tin ores and copper ores in Central Asia. ............ ccc cece ces eecnnces 44 
General presence of arsenic and antimony in the copper.............e0 ee eeveeecacee 44 
Intentional alloying “with leadiae ache we ol apente se oer erctiel teen eee 44 
Evidences of intercourse with Western Asiatic spheres of culture..................-5 44 
Arrow-point of Armenian obsidian; winged and bird-headed lion-griffin; the copper sickle 45 
The flint-edged sickles of early Hgypt.:i:/1<snAae nind Saiet Sac oe Gn ee 46 
Persistence of traditional forms of implements; figurines of Ishtar type............... 46 
Derivatives of the Ishtar: cultiin Asia’) Se cise vcs rae «1st oe nn a 47 
Intercourse during this: period) with: Susa probable. ara...) 2 ieee ee eee 48 
Culture III ends apparently with a conflagration and near arid extreme of climate. .... 49 
After. this the South Kurgan ‘was long unocctipiediy.. eee ee ee ee ee 49 
Culture IV (Iron); South: Kurgan #2. 00:0. 6G 2a 5 Pelee oa oe eels Ca ee ee 49 
Overlies Culture III, with 8 feet of intervening débris of wastage—‘‘mixed layers.” 
Iron age, sickles with rivet-holes; three-edged copper arrow-point........ 49 
This culture founded during climatic reaction from aridity. .................-00+-08- 50 
Scythic invasion of Persia. ..... 46 i <(% 0'%/ois << sie: wissa ouece wee Wee a Ee en 50 
Artificial irrigation mecessax ya. sc sisi) omieis tens baie aero rere elena 50 
Chronology so isire o dhe: ciehet oes 400, evarm verallg) slialloya  elteellale SV) a) cle tele Oh A tel cease tee ee earcee Met Sores 50-57 
Method of determining stratigraphic records. ..@ a-iyes eee eee ea ee 50 
Factors required for converting stratigraphic record into a time scale.................. 50 
Geological and archeological factors used in determining the stratigraphic equivalence 
of the intervals between the cultures seer eee eee eee 51-52 
I.quivalence in feet of culture-strata of the interval between end of Iron Culture (IV) 
and founding’ of modern city: ofwAned 1658 2% eens ceke es oe 52 
Interval between Copper-ILI and Iron.Cultures Vege, 94.0. 1 eee ee ne ee 52 
Evidence of its long continuance. ......<.2+.0<sesehsaes ioc GES iS Vrain ant ae 52 
Geological estimation of duration of this interyal:iv; #7, de cue edee eee See eee 52-53 
Use of archeological data in estimating it s.>2%s «. cabana ee ee 53 
Absence Of tin bronze cicccies 55 ceereie! 86 6s, cca eck 5 pe eee a a ic 53 
End of Copper ‘Culture probably not later than’2206 m.cis arse eerie 53 
No data for estimating interval between Culture II (North Kurgan) and Culture III 
(South Kurgan) 0.03.00.) ere a ee ae eee 54 
Conversion of stratigraphic column into a time scale............. cece eee cece cececeee 54 
Glazed pottery appears first with Sassanian coins at ancient Merv.................-- 54 
Rate of growth of culture-strata since introduction of glazed pottery................. 54 
Rate of gfowth since building of mosque at) Anauiy7e- os... 4 ee een ee 54 
Rate of growth before building of mosqtie.:. 7.22, 1.55 as ee ee ee ARS Cee 54 
