TABLE OF CONTENTS. 

FIRST VOLUME. 
Part I. ANCIENT ANAU AND THE OASIS-WORLD. R. PUMPELLY. 
CHAPTER I. EVOLUTION OF THE ENVIRONMENT OF CENTRAL-ASIAN CIVILIZATIONS............ aa 
Wndrained:Central Asia: The beginning of Central Asia. 0. 2... wb nent ceeescevececes 3 
A series of great and small landlocked basins centaining residuary seas; these seas are 
gages recording cyclical climatic changes. General trend toward aridity. . 5 
Influence of Glacial period. Several phases of the Glacial period recorded in the high 
BSR REA e ROIS a tay ich iiss eats che aan Mista ek an eo aia sen 60 8 6 
Undrained Asia contrasted with oceanic basins; river-brought detritus graded and 
distributed by wind instead of water; loess:............ssecceceecseces 6 
Characteristics of loess as an inexhaustible soil; its influence on history of China and of 
BAR ig | ee te 2 ee © EIS Bs oie Rina S15. oun oN Eke ng we due g bie Sled cee 7 
Richthofen’s theory of origin of loess confirmed; all loess brought by wind............ 9 
Expeditions of 1903 and 1904 show two sources from which wind derives the dust, viz, 
1st, directly from products of deflation and of disintegration; 2d, from 
Se O1OsE OT Of Celts ANE FY OOM NANG yeca go Fe sinc << oe smn So ao ke oss 9 
Der coummatory ouservavions of the Pairs. sas ese son cee ek kaw sae ee chan 10 
Bird’s-eye view of organic processes in undrained Asia............... 0. eee eee eens 10-13 
eer eet le HORMING OF THE <C)ASIS’OR ANAU (2350 ¥ esa ss cess Soe ee soe oe Pee ea 15-35 
The Kurgans and Ruined City of Anau, Sites of Successive Ancient Civilizations........... 15 
They consist of slowly accumulated layers of the débris of occupation (culture-strata) ; 
their bottoms stand 20 feet below the surface of the oasis-plain.......... 17 
Ro eelens cue aR ee ee pee. ek eins cassis SPOR ee Coes sh he oan ae Ree sles SNe 19 
These give determination of relative rates of growth of alluvial sediments and culture- 
strata, 20-21; and of alternating growth and degradation of the alluvial 
SOCITICILS A Me Te aetre ee ei e tee Teo aieie el Mehra Wp poteres w 0 UR oe avaN Seine deaea Sie 21-23 
Deformation of the kurgans by wind and water through long time. ‘Three distinct 
growths of alluvial strata with two intermediate degradations, since 
PORRCIAS OL OMeSe REI CAn dette tyra se ete Ve eG alos Baie sa ses cae ees 21-23 
Siaeiite OL watercourses Of Celia-lagie fan Jia ner sin Male Sea bie eu Wate Bee ck lehe ehala wield a 24 
reat MeIent mal Oited Oy CHUTES i ale apo xigls Avie Woe o's VIE Rinks ares Mel e’araiels le wie ke 25 
Agencies active in growth and degradation of oasis-delta............... 00sec eee 26 
Reciprocal'sinking of plain and rising of mountains: 6.2... 25 ec ae ee ce eee ae ewe 26 
Block-uplifts shown in the mountains and sinking of plains shown in artesian well at 
ASkhabad eee aak > sie mreteteines) once’) « atavaneecaer nn pci ceeth devaia sole So SHUG ae bRe aiars 27 
Unloading on mountains; loading on delta; zonal distribution of sediments on delta..... 27 
*"Theahattie ber ween. desert and oasis. 2-4 Fic teas see ale wie 9.08 ins al oiaes AW ace. 8 fale 27 
Ditees B00 CASS oh oe ee Ue oe i ay ee de ee Og Pele ee NER Mw ea Pe OE 28 
Surface conditions continue in depth, the delta alluvions dove-tailing with surrounding 
CUME=Sands ages sei s,coctae ete at reR aa enn aero ee are cratanlalatbls aisle erahs 29 
Balancing of essential factors in delta-oasis building...............- ee eee eee cence ee 29-30 
Interpretation of observations in shafts... ....... 00sec sees ese e teres teers eeeenee 30 
Aggrading and degrading due to climatic changes............. 00. e eee eeee eee eeeeee 30 
Evidence of the Askhabad artesian welli.. 2.09 cc ¢ cress go ene kOe eosin eee een 31 
Table showing physiographic history of the Anau delta-oasis............+-+.+++++05- 32 
Irrigation. 12 to 15 feet of irrigation sediments............- 6. eee e eee eee eee eee eens 33 
Those now in place not older than city of Amatl............5 2c eee cere cece ee ewe eeee 33 
Irrigation now essential generally throughout the lowlands of Turkestan.............. 34 
Its introduction reversed the order of delta-building processes. ..............0020e005 34 
Rate of growth of irrigation sediments............ 0. cece cece cece ence eee e tent eeees 35 
