SECOND CIVILIZATION—ANEOLITHIC. 43 
This people had many points in common with their predecessors. They, too, 
buried children in the houses in the same contracted position; they continued the 
breeding of the same domestic animals; they used the same kinds of flint imple- 
ments, including those resembling the elements of Egyptiansickles. They, too, made 
pottery by hand and painted it, but the workmanship and the whole grammar of 
ornament were entirely different, as Dr. Schmidt shows in his careful analysis, and 
as the reader may observe by comparing the figures on the respective plates. Dr. 
Schmidt shows also that their pottery was not only wholly new in technique but 
was distinctly more highly developed in these directions. I think there can be 
little doubt that the points of resemblance indicate a culturally related people. 
But in addition to a new pottery, they brought with them that which marks 
everywhere the overwhelming change from the stone age to the age of metals— 
the greater knowledge of the use of copper, although the few small objects of 
copper in the upper layers of the lower culture show already a slight but prophetic 
acquaintance with the new metal. The analyses of these objects show no tin. 
_ Among the objects of copper found in the layers of the newer culture was a dagger 
which, if it belonged originally at the level at which it was found, was as prophetic 
in its way as was the metal of which it was made. It was taken, however, from 
the superficial earth and may have belonged to a period even later than that of 
the end of culture II. While in the earlier culture we found no weapons except 
mace-heads, the people of this second period used both the mace and well-formed 
slingstones. 
To the animals that had been locally domesticated by the people of the earlier 
culture, they added the shepherd’s dog and the goat; and, most important of all, 
the camel. If the horse was prophetic of raids and conquests, the camel was of 
even greater importance in that it rendered possible untrammeled intercourse 
with lands beyond the deserts. During this culture there appears a smaller domes- 
tic bovine, and to the second form of domesticated sheep, the ‘“‘turbary’’ of the 
first period, there is added another—the hornless—variety which seems to supplant 
the older form. This culture period ended during a time of aridity. 
CuLTuRE III.—ANAvU SOUTH KURGAN. 
No incrusted ware. They had the potters’ wheel. 
No glazed or enameled ware. the potters’ furnace. 
No glazed beads. some incised ornament, on pottery and 
Absence of characteristic western stone. 
forms in pottery. some inferior painting on pottery. 
No celts of stone or metal. copper with sporadic appearance of low 
percentage of tin. 
No iron. daggers, sickles, lance-heads, and arrow- 
points of copper without tin. 
No burnt bricks. intentional alloying with lead. 
arrow-points of stone and obsidian. 
No tin used to harden cutting im- houses of sun-dried bricks. 
plements of copper. pivotal door-stones. 
burial of children under floors, in con- 
tracted position lying on the side. 
terra-cotta cult-figurines of goddess and 
of bull or cow. 
