60 THE SUCCESSIVE CULTURES AT ANAU. 
NORTH KURGAN. 
We see a town with houses of crude bricks being founded when the valley 
was filling with alluvium. The people are already cultivators of wheat and barley. 
They make without a wheel an interesting pottery with geometric designs, use 
mealing-stones for grinding, and spindle-whorls for spinning some vegetable or 
animal yarn. They make small implements of flint similar to the flint parts of 
the sickles of the prehistoric Egyptians and inhabitants of Susa. We see them 
beginning early the process of the domestication of animals, developing long- 
horned cattle out of the great wild Bos namadicus, a large horned sheep out of the 
wild bighorn, and a pig from the local wild hog. As the settlement rises slowly 
above the surrounding plain, the filling-in of the valley ceases, and cutting-down 
begins, and parallel with the progress of the conditions that deepen the valley goes 
the stunting of the sheep and cattle till there becomes established a breed of small- 
horned sheep and one of short-horned cattle. 
About this time this people disappears and is replaced by newcomers who 
bring a new culture, including a more advanced technique in the making and 
painting of hand-made pottery. While a few finds of ornaments of copper showed 
that their predecessors had a slight knowiedge of this metal, this new people had 
more of it. They, too, made the same simple flaked-flint implements as their 
predecessors, but, like those, they had neither arrow-heads nor spear-points nor 
celts of stone. Their only weapons of stone were mace-heads and slingstones. 
Like them, too, they had the work of the lapidary, vessels of marble and alabaster 
and beads of stone, including carnelian and turquoise, to which they added beads 
of lapis lazuli. With these people came the shepherd-dog, camel, and goat; and 
it is noteworthy that towards the end of this culture, in the then advanced period 
of cutting down of the valley, the sheep became transformed into a hornless breed. 
SOUTH KURGAN COPPER CULTURE. 
After a greater or less interval after the end of the upper culture on its north- 
ern neighbor, an interval that does not appear on plate 5, when the valley was again 
filling with silts, the South Kurgan was founded by a people who seem to have 
been ethnically related to the former from the fact that, like both of their prede- 
cessors on the oasis, they buried children under the floors of their dwellings in 
the same contracted position lying on one side. They made their pottery on the 
wheel without painted ornament and with an advanced potter’s workmanship. 
They had a fully developed knowledge of copper, as shown in ornaments and various 
implements and weapons. As in the previous cultures, their copper contained, 
whether accidentally or intentionally, sufficient arsenic or antimony, or both, to 
give it hardness; though towards the end of the culture small amounts of tin 
appear sporadically and evidently as unintentional constituents. Relations with 
the Chaldean and Armenian spheres of influence appear now, as shown by the 
appearance of finely formed flint and obsidian arrow-points, and, towards the end, 
by terra-cotta figurines of Ishtar (Beltis) and by the winged and bird-headed lion. 
This copper culture flourishes till the valley has again begun to be cut down, 
and then disappears, to be followed by a period of non-occupation, which is repre- 
sented only by 8 feet of formless débris of wastage, in which occasional rough 
hand-made pottery seems to indicate occasional occupation by nomads. 
