THE ANAU-LI WERE NOT BRACHYCEPHALIC. 69 
with a total absence of the round-headed element.* No skulls were kept from the 
south Kurgan, but Mr. Warner photographed in norma lateralis one obtained from 
the later part of the copper culture, the only formally buried adult found by us. 
From this photograph Professor Sergi pronounced the skull to be very dolicho- 
cephalic. We are therefore justified in assuming that domestication and the 
forming of the several breeds of domestic animals at Anau, as determined by Dr. 
Duerst, were effected by a long-headed people. And since the people of the two 
successive cultures were settled oasis agriculturists and breeders, we may assume 
as probable that agriculture and settled life in towns on the oases originated 
among people of a dolichocephalic type. Since Dr. Duerst identifies the second 
breed of sheep established during the first culture at Anau, with the ‘“‘turbary’’ 
sheep which appears without transition from local forms, in neolithic stations in 
Europe, contemporaneously with skulls of the broad-headed Galcha type, it should 
follow that the domestic animals of the European neolithic stations were brought 
thither, together with wheat and barley, by round-headed immigrants (of an 
Asiatic type). 
We have at present no means of knowing how many links there may have 
been in the chain of transference between the oases and Europe. But since the 
original agriculturists and breeders were long-heads, it seems probable that the 
immigrants were broad-headed nomads, who, having acquired domestic animals 
and rudimentary agriculture of the kind still practised by the shepherd nomads of 
Central Asia from the oasis people, infiltrated among the neolithic settlements of 
Eastern and Central Europe, and adopted the stone-implement culture of the 
hunting and fishing peoples among whom they came. It is the province of the 
anthropologist to discuss the bearings of Professor Sergi’s determinations of skulls 
from the lowest, highest, and intermediate culture-strata of the North Kurgan at 
Anau; I will merely venture to recall Ujfalvy’s insistence that in the forming of 
the Aryan-speaking broad-headed Galchas and Tadjiks there was a crossing of a 
dolichocephalic people on a broad-headed, presumably Asiatic stock. The Gal- 
chas and Tadjiks inhabit the valleys of the Hindu-Kush, where eastern Irania 
meets High Asia and Eastern Central Asia, the home of the broad-headed mongo- 
loids. And in this connection it is surely not without significance that throughout 
the whole historical period, the combination of settled town life and agriculture 
has been the fundamental characteristic of the Aryan-speaking Galchas, and of 
the Iranians inhabiting western Central Asia and the Persian plateau, while the 
peoples of pure Asiatic mongoloid type have been essentially shepherd nomads, 
who, as I have shown, could have become shepherds only after the settled agricul- 
turists of the oases had established domesticated breeds of cattle. The temptation 
is strong to carry this line of argument into the field of Aryan problems; but it 
would be beyond my province, and premature in our present state of ignorance of 
the great and successive ethnic changes that have doubtless occurred over this 
vast area during so many millenniums. But, however great these changes may 

*Professor Sergi tells me that dolichocephaly in the skull of an infant is assurance of the same condition 
in the adult. 
