MIGRATIONS. 78} 
asan—which is still the most fertile part of Persia, must have been formerly still 
more favorable to habitation. To the north of the plateau the lowland strip 
lying between the Kopet Dagh and the Inland Sea and extending eastward to lose 
itself in the valleys of the Murg-ab, Oxus, Zerafshan, and Syr-darya, has ever since 
the glacier time been occupied by a chain of gradually shrinking oases. ‘There 
were, therefore, many provinces potentially capable of supporting and differenti- 
ating populations. 
The field is great, and only awaits scientific exploration to throw a strong 
light into the anthropological and cultural beginnings of the ancient world. As 
far as our present knowledge goes, the earliest occurrence of organized town life 
with agriculture and breeding of animals is confined to long-headed people on 
the oases, with a strong presumption that all these cultural characteristics were 
originated by them. Although many millenniums have passed since the dis- 
appearances of the successive cultures of the North Kurgan, it should be difficult 
to suppose that the descendants of this oasis stock are not still represented among 
the settled peoples of Persia and India, modified in various degrees by fusions with 
Semites from the west and Turanians from the east, and perhaps with other stocks 
which may have shared the long isolation. 
As has been already stated in the foregoing pages and on plate 5, there was a 
remarkable parallelism between the growth and disappearance of the successive 
cultures on the Anau oasis on the one hand and the favorable and unfavorable 
phases of the climatic cycles on the other hand, respectively. 
The people of the second culture, who in the North Kurgan succeeded those 
of the first culture, being long-headed, were racially related to their predecessors, 
and their civilization, as shown in the burial of children in the houses and in their 
possession of agriculture, was of the same order. But the fact that they made 
an entirely different and more advanced pottery with a different scheme of painted 
ornamentation, and that they had a fuller knowledge of copper and new domestic 
animals, shows that they came from an oasis sufficiently distant to account for 
the differences in culture and in the varieties of domestic animals, for no remains 
of the dog nor of the goat nor of the camel were found by Dr. Duerst among the 
bones from the first culture. We have in this the evidence that the reaction of a 
deteriorating climate upon overcrowded populations had already set in motion 
migrations that were to result in the displacement or extermination of the weaker 
occupants of other oases. 
The fact that these immigrants of the second culture brought with them both 
lapis lazuli and the camel makes it probable that the movement was from east to 
west, and the occurrence of bones of the turbary sheep at stations in Asia Minor 
is very possibly an indication that migrations of people of the oasis stock extended 
at least as far as the Mediterranean. The migrations of this period of unrest, in 
the first climatic cycle platted on plate 5, began, according to my chronology, 
at least about 6000 B. c. The founding of the South Kurgan and the con- 
tinuance of its flourishing copper culture during thirty centuries shows that the 
climatic conditions of the favorable phase of the cycle may well have checked this 
early migratory movement. 
