72 MIGRATIONS. 
It does not seem probable that in the unfavorable part of the first climatic 
cycle indicated on plate 5, so soon after the establishment of the turbary breed 
of sheep, the development and expansion of shepherd-nomad populations had 
obtained to such an extent as to be sufficiently affected by the climatic conditions 
to cause migrations beyond the steppes of Asia. 
We may perhaps assume, as a working hypothesis, that peoples of the hunter 
stage of life received during this period from the oases domestic animals and the 
elements of agriculture, and that it was not until within the fourth millennium 
B. c. that the renewed trend toward the arid extreme set in motion those move- 
ments of nomadic peoples which, during prehistoric and later times, were destined 
to sweep in successive waves as far as the Atlantic, and to profoundly affect the 
physical and social characteristics of the modern world. 
In these outward driftings of peoples, the lines followed by the nomad migrants 
would necessarily be over the Eurasian steppes and to the north of the Black Sea. 
The agriculturists of the oases would, under an equal necessity, move from 
oasis to oasis, conquering or going under. The routes thus affected were those 
that ended in Mesopotamia and in Asia Minor. 
RELATION OF ANAU CULTURES I AND II TO EARLY BABYLONIA 
AND SUSIANA. 
Dr. Duerst identifies the long-horned ox of Babylonia with that of Anau. 
Therefore, unless we are prepared to assume both that the domestication of the 
ox was accomplished independently in different places, and also that at these 
different centers there existed the same wild form—Bos namadicus—it follows 
that the domestication of this animal at Anau antedates its appearance in Baby- 
lonia, and that the first civilization of Anau is older than that stage of Babylonian 
culture in which the domesticated ox makes its appearance. And since the archaic 
linear form of script, which preceded the wedge-shaped cuneiform, had characters 
derived from an earlier pictographic stage, both for a wild bovine and for the 
domestic ox <7a this domestic animal must have been already known during the 
pre-Semitic Sumerian civilization, that is, before the time of Sargon of Accad, 
who is usually dated at about 3800 B. C., or about 2800 B. c., according to Winckler 
and Meyer. 
Thus in that remote time, long before Sargon of Accad, when the proto- 
cuneiform script was still in the pictographic stage, far away beyond the Iranian 
plateau, and about 500 miles north and 600 east of Babylonia, the people of Anau 
lived in cities, cultivated the principal cereals that were raised later on the 
Euphrates and on the Nile,* and bred cattle which they had domesticated out of 
the local wild forms, and which they had, directly or indirectly, transmitted to 
Chaldea. This settled agricultural civilization was, excepting cattle-breeding, 

*No traces of cereal grains were found in tombs of the older, indigenous Egyptians. De Morgan, 
“‘Les Origines de l’Egypte.” 

