RELATION OF ANAU CULTURES I AND II TO EARLY CHALDEA. WE 
already fully developed before the founding of the first settlement known to us 
at Anau. 
In which part of the world did its traditions—its chain of cultural evolution 
originate? From what we know of prehistoric Europe we can now say without 
much fear of contradiction, that while Transcaspia contributed wheat and barley 
and the “turbary’’ domestic animals to neolithic Europe, it received nothing in 
return until a very much later time. We may, I think, safely say that Africa 
contributed none of those cultural elements that find their expression in the works 
of man found in the earlier cultures at Anau. 
While it is possible that the ancestors of these Anau-li came from Africa, any 
such immigration must have entered Asia either before the glacial period, or during 
one of the earlier interglacial epochs; that is, before the development of the paleo- 
lithic flint-implement civilization, which has left the now desert wastes of northern 
Africa, as well as Europe, covered with stone weapons of war and the chase. 
We have, then, to do with cultural traditions native to Asia. If now we 
search Asia for similarities of primitive cultures, we find only one point at which 
archeological research has been pursued with sufficient system and purpose to 
throw much light on the collective and comparative elements of civilizations. M. 
De Morgan at Susa, and his assistants, Messieurs Gautier and Lampre, in the 
neighboring Moussian district, have exposed several superimposed stages of cul- 
tures antedating the time of Sargon of Accad. At Tepe Mohamed Dyaffar—a 
slight elevation in the Moussian district—they found an extensive flint-implement 
workshop which had not been occupied since the stone age. In this they found 
neither celts nor points of arrows or of lances, but immense quantities of flakes 
in the forms of scrapers (racloirs) and elements of sickles. Nor did they, in all 
their excavations in the Moussian district, find any points of arrows or of lances 
of stone. Awls and drills were rare; percuteurs, saws, scrapers, and the little 
blades to form the elements of sickles, like those of early Egypt, were everywhere 
in great abundance. At Mohamed Dyjaffar these were associated with a thick, 
hand-made, red, and often burnished pottery, some of which was decorated with 
simple designs, either scratched in with a point or painted in lines of dark red. 
The stage of transition from the stone age to the copper age is characterized by 
thin, wheel-made, yellow or light-green pottery, ornamented with designs in brilliant 
black with representations of human, animal, and vegetable forms. The pottery 
of the copper age was wheel-made and decorated also with representations of 
animals, painted in red and black. This successive order of similar cultures is 
repeated in the lower culture-strata of the citadel of Susa. According to De 
Morgan, all of these culture stages in Susiana preceded the “archaic’’ culture 
which ended about 4000 B. c. (dating Sargon of Accad at 3800 B.c.), and during 
which an Elamitic proto-cuneiform script appears for the first time in Susa.* 

* According to Scheil, one of these inscriptions is of the time of the Patesi, Karabu-sa-in-Susinak, who 
governed in Susa in the middle, or in the end, of the IV millennium B. c., according to the earlier or the later 
dating of Sargon of Accad; the others may be older and not younger. 
