POTTERY FROM CULTURE II, NORTH KURGAN. IBS 
represented in plate 9, fig. 4, is to be referred. Its form would connect it with 
the cups with columnar feet, but the clay is light-brown and red without a slip. It 
was found among the “‘mixed’’ pottery in terrace v. 
In contrast to the conditions in culture I, the painted pottery is very much 
less represented than the monochrome. Before we enter upon a more detailed 
treatment of the painted ware, however, we have to attempt an explanation 
of its presence, for it occurs, together with the monochrome pottery, in the mixed 
layers in which remains of the older pottery have also found a resting-place. On 
what grounds, therefore, can we associate the painted pottery with the monochrome 
in the upper strata? We are justified in so doing by the rule that those fragments 
belong to the younger culture which do not occur in the middle and lower strata 
of the hill, that is, in the pure deposits of the older culture I. This rule must 
apply to the monochrome as well as to the painted ware. As a matter of fact, 
painted fragments were found in the upper strata which are so very different in 
technique and ornamentation from those 
of groups a and 6 of the older pottery 
that their origin must be different also; 
and since they do not occur in the middle 
and lower strata, they must be younger. 
THE YOUNGER PAINTED POTTERY. 
The younger painted pottery was 
found principally in terrace v, between 
+36 feet and +37 feet (April 1 to 4, 
1904). In the description of the exca- 
vations it is designated as z and v. 
Some few fragments also lay on the sur- 
face of terrace I (March 25-26, 1904). 
These are to be classified as vessels 
decorated (1) in one color; (2) in several 
colors. 
(1) Those painted in one color can be further divided into four groups: 

(a) Clay gray, brownish on the edges; painting dull-black on a red bur- 
nished slip (plate 32, fig. 3). 
(3) Clay rose-yellow, porous; painting dull-black or blackish-brown on 
whitish-green slip, without burnishing (plate 31, fig. 3). 
(y) Clay reddish-brown, porous; painting dull-black on light-brown clay 
ground without slip or polish (plate 32, fig. 1, and plate 33, fig. 5). 
(0) Clay whitish-green, fine-washed; painting dull-black on a smooth clay 
ground without slip or polish. Transitional group to the pottery 
of the South Kurgan (plate 31, fig. 4, and plate 32, fig. 2). 
Technically these groups are undoubtedly connected with the older painted 
pottery of culture I; group / especially recalls, in clay and slip, the older variety 
made of light-colored clay. Group « connects itself with the red monochrome ves- 
sels of the upper strata, while in group 0, the quality of the clay and the technique 
show points of resemblance to the pottery of the younger South Kurgan. 
