MINOR ANTIQUITIES FROM CULTURES II AND III, COPPER. Vise 
the same may be said of a knife-like fragment, N.K. 189, from terrace 1, between 
+23 and +25 feet. 
The deeper layers, lying below the datum-plane of the North Kurgan, have 
also yielded copper. These are, however, unfortunately only fragments, and 
owing to complete oxidation the form is no longer determinable. Such finds were 
made in north diggings I and 11, between — 8 and — 13 feet (N.K. 48 and 87). 
FROM UPPER STRATA OF NORTH KURGAN, CULTURE II. 
Pins.—Fragment N.K. 75 (fig. 244; plate 36, fig. 5), fromthe surface of terrace 
vil, has a head in the form of a double pyramid. Pieces of a pin without a head 
(N.K. 82) were found in the uppermost layers of the same terrace. 
Neck-ring or torque.—It is probable that the three fragments (N.K. 4; fig. 
245, plate 36, fig. 6), from terrace I, between +31 feet 5 inches and +40 feet, 
belong to a copper collar made of braided double-wire. 
Weapons.—The only fragment of a copper weapon was found on the surface 
of terrace vil. It isa lance-point or a dagger-blade, very broad, and with a rhombic 
cross-section and a flat, long tang (N.K. 83; fig. 246; plate 36, fig. ro). 
Implements.—We have to thank Mr. R. W. Pumpelly for a well-preserved 
punch, square in cross-section (N.K. 248; fig. 247; plate 36, fig. 8). He found 
it at a height of +34 feet in the undisturbed earth of the hill, while studying 
the walls of Komorof’s trench. 
A little copper rod with square cross-section (N.K. 93; fig. 248; plate 36, 
fig. 9), from terrace I, between +31 feet 5 inches and +40 feet, should probably 
be regarded rather as a punch than asa pin. The thickening at one end, which 
might indicate a pin, is probably only the result of oxidation. The four-edged 
shaft is, however, common to punches and chisels. 
There remains doubtful the explanation of a four-edged little copper rod with 
rhombic cross-section (N.K. 4; fig. 249), from terrace I, between + 31 feet 5 inches and 
+40 feet. This may have been for the same use as fig. 243 of the middle strata. 
Indeterminable are certain formless lumps found in Komorof’s trench in the 
loose earth (N.K. 2), from the uppermost layers of terrace I (N.K. 3) and from 
terrace 1a, between +28 and +30 feet (N.K. 34). 
FROM MIDDLE AND LOWER STRATA OF SOUTH KURGAN, CULTURE III. 
The objects of copper found in the South Kurgan are much more numerous 
and varied than those of the northern kurgan, but they fall into the same cate- 
gories—ornamenits, implements, weapons, and different indeterminable objects. 
Copper ornaments.—Of the pins, one witha cap-like head, found in terrace C 
between +19 feet 5 inches and +21 feet 2 inches (S.K. 249; fig. 250) connects 
itself with the types of the North Kurgan (cf. fig. 240). A new type is shown 
in S.K. 281, 354 (figs. 251 and 252; plate 37, fig. 3). Both were found in terrace 
B—the better preserved one between +19 and +21 feet, the other under the 
pithos d; consequently both were in the débris deposits of the period A, to which 
the large buildings belong. The round shaft of this pin splits above into two 
ribbon-like outward-rolled spirals. Another fragment worthy of notice has broad 
