CONCLUDING REMARKS. 185 
of Hamadan and Merdescht (Persepolis). They were certainly used in Greco- 
Persian wars by the Persians as well as by the Greeks. 
Because of this Persian find we may assume also that they penetrated still 
further eastward and were known also in Bactria. The find from Bokhara tends 
to confirm this assumption. To Siberia the three-edged arrow-points of bronze 
or copper certainly penetrated from the South Russian locality. This is proved 
by the numerous other points of contact between the Siberian stock of types 
and the forms which have become known from the South Russian kurgan graves 
(cf. Aspelin, op. cit., p. 62, figs. 262 to 265; p. 110, figs. 438 to 440, the last from 
the necropolis of Ananino, on the left bank of the Kama, in the Government 
of Wjatka, showing what singular routes the distribution followed. Radlof, 
op. cit., No. 15, plate xxi, figs. 20, 21, 25, 29, 33, 34). 
Three-edged arrow-heads from the Greco-Aigean sphere have long been 
known. Kemble mentioned them as coming from Kalymnos, an island on the 
Karian coast (Hore feralis, plate vi, figs. 3, 4). Many have been found in the 
Altis of Olympia (Furtwaengler, Bronzen von Olympia, plate LxIv, Nos. 1083- 
1092). Friederichs (Kleinere Kunst u. Industrie im Altertum) enumerates some 
from Attica (1116). Helbig represents a specimen from Megalopolis in Arcadia 
(Das homerische Epos, 2 Aufl., fig. 134). From the A‘gean sphere they may 
also have spread to Egypt. Cairo is given as the source of several examples in 
the collection of Prince Hohenzollern in Sigmaringen (L. Lindenschmitt, die vater- 
laendischen Altertuemer, plate XL, figs. 13 to 16). On the western route of distri- 
bution the three-edged arrow-heads of bronze made a halt in a district which has 
preserved for us rich necropoli of the younger Hallstatt period. These finds are 
therefore of importance for the chronology. 
In a grave of Hallstatt itself there was found a three-winged specimen with- 
out shaft-socket (v. Sacken, das Grabfeld von Hallstatt, plate vu, fig. 10). The 
necropoli in Krain have yielded them also—from Waatsch (Denksschriften der 
kais. Akad. d. Wissensch. zu Wien, Math.-Naturwiss. Cl., Bd. x_vu, plate x1, 
fig. 13) and from St. Margarethen (M. Much, Kunsthistor, Atlas, pl. 56, fig. 15). 
Other isolated localities are: Villach, in Carinthia (v. Luschan, Mitteilungen d. 
Wien. anthropol. Gesellschaft, vi11, 1879, pp. 89 ff.); Velem St. Veit, in Western 
Hungary (v. Miske, Archiv f. Anthropologie, N. F. 11, 2, pp. 134 ff., figs. 48 to 50); 
Horodnica, in Galicia (Museum Dzieduszycki in Lemberg, from personal exami- 
nation). Further west they appear to be of only rare occurrence. ‘The most 
western locality is Chalons-sur-Sadne, in France (Bonstetten, Antiquités de la 
Suisse, plate 11, fig. 9). 
On the strength of these statistics of finds we may assign the three-edged 
arrow-heads of bronze at least to the younger Hallstatt period, 7. e., to the first 
half of the I millennium B. c. In the fifth century B. c. they must already have 
been generally distributed; they remained still in use during some centuries, 
for they connect with the Roman arrow-heads made of iron. In all probability, 
however, we must put back the time of their introduction into the beginning of 
the last millennium B. c., for these forms must have hovered before the eyes of 
