CHAPTER X.—THE EXCAVATIONS IN GHIAUR KALA (OLD MERV). 

GENERAL SUMMARY. 
Among the extensive ruins of Old Merv, those that lie farthest to the east are 
called by the people of to-day “Ghiaur Kala.”” They consist of a broad plateau- 
like elevation with a rolling surface, surrounded by a chain of closely contig- 
uous, conical hills, the present representatives of the former walls of the city. 
Within this large and nearly square inclosing wall there is a smaller, nearly circular 
inclosure which attaches itself on its north side to the general wall of the larger 
city. It incloses a small, topographically independent part of the city; and its 
wall, rising to a great height, dominates the surrounding area. In the middle 
of this small inclosure there rises a tumulus-like elevation. On the southeast 
and west it is connected, through a low plateau, with the encircling wall, from 
which it is separated on the north by a deep valley or plain. In this depression 
there rises an independent, smaller plateau, adjoining the northern portion of the 
wall. Of the walls there remain only insignificant ruins, which give the impression 
of having been built upon the remains of older ones. 
The excavations in Ghiaur Kala were undertaken on a much smaller scale 
than in the kurgans of Anau and served merely for preliminary examination. 
The city was attacked at four points—at two points each within and without the 
circular inner wall (see figs. 420 and 421). 
On the top of the hill, 82 feet high, which has the significance of an acropolis, 
a large cut was made toward the northern declivity. It had a breadth of 25 feet 
and was about 50 feet in length (upper digging), and it was sunk by means of four 
terraces, to a depth of 4o feet 4 inches. (The figures referring to levels will here 
be reckoned from the top of the hill downward.) At the foot of the hill, in the 
depression to the north, there was started a pit (lower digging) 33 feet long and 
20 feet wide, which was sunk by means of a terrace to a depth of 16 feet. 
On the plateau of the larger city, 200 paces to the south of the wall encircling 
the acropolis, there was laid out the outer digging I, 45 feet long and to feet wide. 
Here, by means of two terraces, a depth of 27 feet was reached. Outer digging 11 
was the place at which were found seven large supply vessels standing in situ, 
which were discovered at first in sinking a shaft. This was on the plateau of the 
larger city. The uncovering of these vessels was undertaken by Mr. Homer Kidder, 
who describes the find. Besides these excavations, three galleries were driven 
horizontally into the heart of the acropolis hill from its west side. 
Lastly, here too, as at Anau, several shafts were sunk for physiographic study 
which have contributed little to the archeological problem. 
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