DESERTS. 253 
the snow-line. I have counted over a hundred in sight at once, ten of them big 
old rams standing apart, and the rest all ewes and younger ones. Save for the 
Kirghiz hunters who appear at rare intervals to stalk them with medieval fuse- 
guns, they live unmolested. 
Nowhere is there a more desolate land. It is a desert of unexpected forms, 
time-crumbled mountains and wind-worn cliffs, strange hollow and pitted bowlders, 
and sand-polished stones, efflorescent salt-plains and drifting dunes, with here 
and there the scattered remnants of an old bleached skeleton with sun-cracked 
horns. Limestone bowlders dropped on the plain by floating ice, when the lake 
stood higher and glaciers came far down, have cracked in the sun and crumbled 
to conical piles, while whole mountains of the same rock stand shrouded in their 
own remains. Perhaps the most remarkable example of desert disintegration 
is found in the granite mountains ranging on the east. ‘There whole mountains 
are fast crumbling to arkose and sand from which some few honeycombed slabs 
project as remnant wind-worn ridges. Such are the features wrought by an arid 
sun and shade, with a range of 80° F. from day to night; the records of diurnal 
change revolving through long time. 




Fig. 433.—Sand and Arkose Residuum of Deflation (Kara Kul). 
And what has become of all the fine stuff, the dust inevitably given off in 
such a colossal crumbling of the land? It is nearly absent from the surface, as, 
indeed, it could not long remain on barren, wind-swept ground. ‘The few inches 
of loess found here and there below the ice and in tiny patches of grass along its 
streams can not account for the dust of ages. It must be somewhere, and, if not 
here, we must conclude that it was ever blown away by the storms that come 
and go, blown away to settle in the grass of other, less arid, regions. 
Around the lake we find evidence of its former wide expansions in beaches, 
respectively 60, 120, and 200 feet above the present surface, and apparently one 
at 320 feet nearly obliterated. The lower ones are comparatively fresh and indi- 
cate but short existence at their levels. These expansions seem to correspond 
in relative magnitude and antiquity to the moraines that now lie in front of various 
surrounding valleys, and which are clearly divided into at least three glacial epochs, 
and a fourth much more recent advance. 
