260 PHYSIOGRAPHY OF CENTRAL-ASIAN DESERTS AND OASES. 
even steppe resulting from its deeply filled state has a width of 15 miles for a dis- 
tance of 75 miles. Less isolated from moisture than the higher Pamir, it receives 
sufficient precipitation to form one of the most luxuriant pastures of Asia. 
In the higher Alai valley there are but two seasons—winter and spring. For 
nearly ten months of the year it lies deep-buried in snow, a vast expanse of white 
from range to range. ‘Then no man lives upon the plain and its gray wolf-packs 
are free to hunt the wild sheep and wandering ibex. By July the snow has melted 
and like magic the grass turns green; a myriad of marmots leave their holes to 
visit one another in the warm sunlight, uttering their shrill notes of warning when 
the caravans come down. A thousand Kirghiz families descend from the passes 
round about, with their long camel trains caparisoned and rich-laden with nomadic 
wealth, and each caravan with its flocks of sheep and goats, herds of camels and 
cattle and horses, proceeds to its traditional camping-ground. For a while it 
is all life and merriment in a world of grass and wild flowers, a wonderful valley 
of green with poppies and buttercups and peopled by men and animals, with here 
and there a group of round felt-domed kibitkas; a land whereover days of mist 
give way to skies of blue purity. But through it all the mountains stand colossal 
and cold, reminders of soon-coming snow, and from their ice-domes, 15,000 to 

Fig. 438.—Springtime in the Alai Valley. 
23,000 feet in height, it creeps fast down upon the grass. Ere spring has finished 
bloom, winter has come and the valley is left frozen in snowbound emptiness. 
But, though it is a remarkably rich pasture, there is scarcely rain enough— 
too little over the western or lower part. It is to the shortness of summer and 
relatively heavy snow of winter that the richness of its grass steppes must be 
attributed. There is enough water from melted snow in the ground to keep things 
fresh with the occasional help of mountain mists; enough in the upper half and 
all is full green there when winter falls to bury it, but in the lower half, the sun 
dries out all the water and leaves a plain of parched grass. 
The Alai valley is thus a semi-arid type of desert basin. Of all the basins 
to be considered by us, it is unique in that it yields four of the deposition zones, 
so interwoven and interlapping that alluvium, moraine, and loess are found one 
over the other, and correlation becomes relatively easy. Kettle-hole pools are 
found on its widespread moraines, but they do not belong, organically speaking, 
in the lacustrian division of a desert basin: so that the lacustrian zone is here 
lacking. But the alluvial, flying sands, loess, and glacial zones are all especially 
well represented. Its nuclei of dunes, though small, are not very disproportion- 
