342 ANIMAL REMAINS FROM THE EXCAVATIONS AT ANAU. 
Culture II, with 1,300 bones, shows the following relative distribution: Equus, 
25 per cent; Bos, 20 per cent; Ovrs, 20 per cent; Sus, 15 per cent; Capra, 10 
per cent; Camelus, 5 per cent; Canis II, 2 per cent; Antilope, 2 per cent; various 
wild animals, 1 per cent. 
The same relation as in culture II holds good also for the South Kurgan and 
the mosque-shafts of the citadel of Anau, except that here the sheep and goat 
are more prominent, while cattle and pigs are diminished in importance. 
The number of bones determined and numbered by me amounts to about 
3,500, of which unfortunately only a relatively small percentage, about 10 per cent, 
are skull bones, about 17 per cent lower jaws and teeth; about 5 per cent are 
vertebre and rump pieces and 71 per cent are bones from the extremities. 
As regards the preservation of the bones, we find here the same conditions 
as among the European occurrences. The greater part of the bones have a light 
vellow-brown color, though some from the very lowest layer, as for instance those 
of the wild ox, the gazelle, the wolf, and the horse, show a dark red-brown color. 
There also occur some burnt bones from the period 1b, which are calcined and 
colored greenish-black. Some bones are distinguished further by a rich content 
of saltpeter, which causes them continually to extract water from the atmosphere 
and remain in a constantly moist condition. The old fractures, which show the 
same coloration as the surfaces of the bones, in contrast to the yellowish-white 
color of fresh fractures, enable us to make certain observations concerning the way 
in which the Anau-li broke bones. But we must first mention a peculiarity of all 
the light-colored bones—their high porosity and capillarity. If, for instance, 
one takes the metacarpal or metatarsal bone of a horse, even as heavy as 200 
grams, or a piece of any other bone with much substantia compacta, and touches 
the tongue to a fresh fracture, the bone will hang on so firmly that it can be removed 
only with difficulty; and a place so small as to be touched only with the point 
of the tongue is able to support a weight of 200 grams or more. This is a pecu- 
liarity which I have found to exist to a similar extent only in the teeth of the 
fossilized Siberian mammoth; and it indicates a very great age for the bones 
of Anau. 
The breaking of the bones was carried to a greater extent than among the 
neolithic Europeans; for while these last broke open only the tubular bones of 
the horse, ox, deer, sheep, and pig, to suck out the marrow, and rarely the plate 
bones, as the caps of the skulls, horn-cores, ribs, etc., this was always done by the 
prehistoric Anau-li. All bones were broken into several pieces and many still 
show the distinct traces of sharp cutting instruments as well as of crushing teeth. 
The phalanx bones of the horse, ox, sheep, and pig escaped this fate, as did the 
horn-cores of the Gazella subgutturosa, of which the structure is too hard and the 
texture too compact to offer any temptation to break them open for marrow. 
Little is to be seen here of a definite method of breaking bones, such as 
described by Rtitimeyer for the dwellers in the Swiss pile-dwellings, and by me 
for the Germans of the Schlossberg, as the tubular bones and plate bones, lower 
jaws, and other cranial pieces are of an entirely different shape. Of the tubular 
