ORDO CARNIVORA. 347 
spaces between the premolars are absolutely wanting, while they are very largely 
developed in the skull of a wolf from Peking. ‘This character is derived from the 
greater shortness of the muzzle, whose length is that of Canis pallipes. ‘The second 
molar is also strongly developed. Thus the remains of the upper jaw are charac- 
terized as belonging to a wolf. The lower jaw, however, contributes still more 
proof. 
So far the bones might still possibly belong to Cuon alpinus Pallas, since the 
dimensions of the teeth are similar, especially as regards the carnassial tooth, 
which for the most part is 21 mm. long (21.2 to 21.5, according to Nehring). But 
the lower jaw decides clearly in favor of the wolf, since the talon of the first molar 
shows two very stout conical points. In the Cuon there is invariably only one 
conical point. The accompanying measurements explain these relations. The 
Anau wolf stands apparently nearest to the Indian wolf or Canis pallipes Sykes. 
Indeed, it is not at all unlikely that Canis pallipes formerly existed in the district 
of Anau and on the Kopet Dagh. In any event it is certain that the Indian 
Table of dimensions (in millimeters). 






Length | Length of | Width of | Length | Width | Length | Width 
Upper jaw. of tooth | carnassial | carnassial of of of of | 
range. tooth. tooth. | molar 4.) molar 4.) molar 3.| molar 3.) 
PATI all ao O LOCUM Asatte) ole cis. sheers ss 70 21 10 14 16 8 12 
Canis lupus Linnezus, Russia 
MUS ee ESOT ID) sheer vis Euselc, sows at ers 71 20 II i 17 7 12 
Canis pallipes Sykes, India (Mus. 
London), after Studer........ Es 21 IO Hg) | 
Cuon alpinus Pallas (after 
STRIVE @) Rg. Sede a aaielier a ae en 67 21 Ser 15 15 7 10 
Canis lupus Linneus, killed near 
Peking (coll. Duerst)......... 81 21 mT 17 18 8 12 
Canis poutiatini (after Studer)... 65 18 abe 
Canis inostranzewr (after Studer).. 67 19.5 









buffalo (Bubalus arnee Kerr) still existed in historical times in northern Persia 
and Mesopotamia; and if these, why may not Camis pallipes also have had a wide 
geographical range? According to the view of Th. Studer,* however, this is not 
at all necessary, for according to exact researches the different species of wolves 
present only local forms which are without profound differences. Therefore, 
we will characterize the wolf of Anau only in general terms as Canis lupus Linneeus. 
We will, however, emphasize the fact that it harmonizes best with Cants pallipes 
Sykes. 
We have not, however, done with the bones of the Canidz of the Anau kurgans. 
We find in the strata between +28 and +36 feet a perfectly preserved skull with 
the superior maxilla belonging to it, as well as two lower jaw branches, one right 
and one left, which possibly belong together. These bones differ in essentials 
from those of the wolf in numerous ways, for which reason they can not belong 
to the wild Canidze; we have here to do with a tame animal, the domestic dog. 

* The Prehistoric Dogs. Abhand. Schweiz. paleont. Gesell., p. 9. Zitirich, rgor. 
