350 ANIMAL REMAINS FROM THE EXCAVATIONS AT ANAU. 
According to the table the skull from Anau ranks directly behind the sub- 
fossil cranium from Olmiitz, the original skull of Jeitteles. 
The domesticated dog of Anau belongs accordingly to the subspecies of Canis 
jamiliaris matris optime in a form which stands craniologically very near to the dingo 
and to Canis poutiatint Studer, but which rs distinguished by a rather broad muzzle. 
But how does Canis matris optime come to be among the inhabitants of 
the Anau kurgans? Judging from the very scant material thus far in hand, there 
can be no question that this dog did not originate at Anau during the first culture 
period. It is much more probable that it came to Anau with the people who 
brought thither the camel and the goat. 
But how came the dog in the possession of that people, and whence came 
they? These questions can not be answered from the material in hand. One 
would have to know with certainty whether the pariah dog, the modern street 
dog of the East, which we know on the oldest monuments of Egypt, is directly 
related to the shepherd-dog. 
Th. Studer* assumes merely a parallelism in development and derives the 
pariah dog direct from the dingo, which he considers to have been distributed 
in former times over all southern Asia, where it still occurred even in most recent 
times in the Tengger Mountains of Java. He believes, further, that in Eurasia 
in the diluvial period there existed a small wild dog which he has recently designated 
Canis poutiatini. ‘This species is said to have shown itself to be more easily tamed 
than the wolf and from this he derives, on the one hand, Canis palustris and on 
the other the shepherd-dog. Jeittelest himself thought that the Canis matris 
optime might have been derived from the Indian wolf (Canis pallipes Sykes), 
and assumes that the domestication of this animal took place in ancient Iran. 
Our finds in Anau might seem to lend a greater degree of probability to this idea, 
but the direct measurements and ratios given above show that the Indian wolf 
stands very far from the Anau dog. We must, therefore, waver between two 
opinions, namely, that the theory advanced by Studer,t in which he derives the 
shepherd-dog from a paleolithic dog of Russia (Canis poutiatint) is correct; or 
that the dingo, which we have represented as being similar to our dog from Anau, 
must have lived in southern Asia in some form, and that from it both the pariah 
dog and the shepherd-dog have descended. 
Which view is correct we can not, as I have already said, decide with certainty 
from the Anau remains alone. Derivation from Canis poutiatini is favored not 
only by the similarity in the measurements but also by the fact that the dog was 
brought to Anau by a people who imported the camel and the goat. Considering 
the localities of fossil remains thus far found, and the present geographical dis- 
tribution of these animals, it is possible that the camel came from the south or 
east, and the goat from the south or west, since its wild form now lives in Persia 

*Ueber den deutschen Schaeferhund und einigen kynologischen Fragen. Mitteilungen Naturf, Gesell., 
[sp ease lefciash aeeenh J 
{ Cf. Jeitteles, Die vorgesch. Altert. d. Stadt Olmiitz, pp. 56-80. Wien, 1872. Keller, Die Abstam- 
mung d. aeltesten Haustiere, p. 55. Ziirich, 1902. 
tZoolog. Anzeiger, Bd. xxIx, 1, pp. 27-30. 
