CHAPTER XVIII. 
Ordo ARTIODACTYLA. 
SUINA. 
Sus palustris Riitimeyer. (Plate 72, figs. 3-8, and plate 80.) 
The remains of the pig are very common in the Anau kurgan. ‘There are 
about 120 pieces, the greater part being remains of skulls. The hard frontal 
bones have shown themselves especially resistant. We have, therefore, parts 
of the frontalia of at least seven individuals, some older and some younger. In one 
of these pieces the bregma has a thickness of 2.5 cm., forming a real armor-plate 
over the brain, while this measurement in other individuals amounted only to 1.1 
to 1.5 cm. This animal was probably a very old boar. Only one brain-skull 
has all the bones complete. Even then the skull was split in the middle along 
the suture so that a restoration was necessary. The skull is decidedly that of a 
small adult pig, whose front shows a slight convexity, which we usually find in 
the Indian Sus cristatus or S. vittatus Miller & Schlegel. We shall consider with 
Nehring (Katalog, 1886, p. 54) Sus cristatus as the continental variety of Sus 
vittatus and employ for the south Asiatic pig the general name of S. vittatus. In 
comparing with the parts of this skull the frontal, parietal, or occipital pieces of 
the other individuals mentioned, one recognizes that the other individuals can 
have been no larger than this. The relations of the skull to those of different 
other small Suide, as well as to two other small skulls from Anau, are shown 
clearly in the table on the following page. 
This table shows that the skulls from Anau stand nearest to those of a wild 
Sus vittatus from Sumatra or to a tame Battak pig, not only in form but also in 
dimensions, and that they possess the greatest similarity to the skulls of the 
Torjschwein (turbary pig) of Schlossberg and Ia Tene, as appears from their 
general form. I think, therefore, that I shall not go amiss if I pronounce these 
skulls to be the oldest known remains of the Torjschwein or turbary pig. 
According to the researches of Riitimeyer,* Rollestone,f Otto,{ and others, 
Sus palustris, the turbary pig, which first appears in the Swiss pile-dwellings 
during the later neolithic period, is derived from Sus vittatus, which would agree 
very well with our finding. 
Nehring,$ on the other hand, considers Sus palustris to have been autoch- 
thonous also in Germany and merely a starveling form (Kwmmerform) of Sus 
scrofa domesticus. Which one of the opinions is correct can be determined with 

* Riitimeyer, Einige weitere Beitraege, etc., Verhandlungen, Basel, 1876. 
+ Rollestone, On the Domestic Pig of Prehistoric Time in Britain, Trans. Linn. Soc., ser. 2, vol. 1. 
tOtto, F., Osteolog. Studien z. Geschichte d. Torfschweines, Revue Suisse de Zoologie, 1901. 
§Nehring, Ueber das sog. Torfschwein (Sus palustris). Verhandl. Berl. anthrop. Gesell., pp. 181-187. 
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