ORDO ARTIODACTYLA. Ley 
at a later period. If, therefore, a degeneration and stunting of the wild Sus 
scrofa had occurred through a domesticated condition, we should have found 
transitional forms as well as among sheep and cattle. 
The occurrence of Sus palustris among the remains of Anau is therefore 
no surprise, since it was logically easy to conclude, as had already been declared 
by C. Keller,* that the animal must exist in subfossil condition in Central Asia, 
since it came at so early a period from Asia into Europe. It is, however, important 
that the turbary pig does not seem to have been domesticated in Anau itself. 
In spite of what has been said, however, there remains the possibility that 
the turbary breed of pigs, if not domesticated at Anau, may have been formed 
on some other oasis of Turkestan, since it occurs at such an early period (at —8 
feet) at Anau. If we do not carry this hypothesis further, it is because in the 
first place we find no bones of swine in the lowest layers of the wild animal period, 
and secondly because an importation of the tame turbary pig from Iran or India 
remains among the possibilities. It is, however, certain that the turbary pig 
reached Central Europe with the builders of the pile-dwellings and contemporan- 
eously with the turbary sheep that originated at Anau, since it occurs in the earliest 
pile-dwellings; and in this animal also we see proof of the influence that was exerted 
by the culture of Turkestan on that of Europe. 
It is interesting also to compare the lower jaw with that of the European 
turbary pig (see table on p. 356). Studer, who explained the form of the turbary 
pig’s skull as signifying a wild condition, owing to a freer life, thinks that the 
weakening of the lower jaw, which appears in the later bronze age in Switzerland, 
was due to a change in the manner of life to which the animals were subjected. 
Our comparison, however, shows that the turbary pig of the Anau kurgan, 
down to that of the Germans of the Schlossberg and the Romans of Vindonissa, 
underwent no weakening process. 
The measurements of the best of the extremity bones given in the following 
table need little further explanation. While the dimensions of the scapula, tibia, 
and ulna agree closely with those of the domestic pigs of the Sus indicus series, 
as for instance the China, Maori, and Siam pigs, the measurements of humerus, 
radius, and metatarsus correspond very well with those of the Eurasiatic Sus 
scrofa Linneus or the wild Sus vittatus of southern Asia. The actual presence 
of the Sus scrofa, the Eurasiatic boar,in Turkestan is known; the larger bones 
of a wild boar appear only in the higher layers of the North Kurgan. It may 
also be possible that the Eurasiatic wild boar (Sus scrofa) reached Anau only 
after the south Asiatic wild boar (Sus vittatus) had disappeared. The exact 
relations, can not be determined in the absence of fuller data. The best conception 
would probably be that the neolithic or neolithic Anau-li for a while killed and 
ate wild pigs. Nevertheless, the wild pig seems to have been very rare. Whether 
the region was too dry and the forests of the Kopet Dagh offered too little space, 
or whether the Anau-li found the chase of this animal too difficult, can not be 
stated, but it is certain that we find the bones of the wild pig only in later strata 
and very scarce among the enormous quantity of other bones. 

*C, Keller, Die Abstammung der aeltesten Haustiere, 18, 102. 
