CAVICORNIA. 359 
CAVICORNIA. 
BOVINA. 
(Plates 73 and 74; plate 78, figs. 1-4, and 7; plate 81, fig. 1; plate 83, fig. 1; 
plate 85; text-fig. 490.) 
Bos namadicus Faiconer & Cautley (Bos macroceros Duerst) or the Asiatic form of the urus (Bos primi- 
genius Bojanus). 
The remains of this bovid are also not very complete, but next to those of 
the sheep and the fox they are certainly the best of the bone fragments. They 
at least answer the requirements for the exact determination of the species present 
and are sufficient for the reconstruction of the skeletons. Among the 68 fragments 
of parts of the skull, trunk and extremity bones, the most remarkable pieces are 
two proximal ends of the radius with the corresponding olecranon of the ulna, 
Nos. 13 to 18. Both bones show old fractures, about 10 cm. below the articula- 
tions, and the ulna, No. 13, has distinct traces of gnawing, probably by human teeth. 
The dimensions of these bone fragments compared with the homogeneous bones 
of other animals are given (in millimeters) in the following table of dimensions: 

















Radius. Ulna. 
| —_—_—— - ee —— ee = es ee ss 
| Width Oi .: : Least | : 
ef cher ee Width (Diam- | Length | width | Height 
: : LeeLeL Of) : | of sig- 
| Proxi- | proxi- | ig. id- | of ole- of ole- | id 
mal mal | de | "ha ~ | cranon,| cra- “pales 
end end | a “ eC | non ossa, 
= = ( —24 feet... .| ror | 48 51 33 | ee aa 
North Kurgan, Anau {.—20 feet... .| 96 49 33 | 140? 64 As 
(after David*..... 99 | eh Bec ' 146 a7 50 
Et Prmmigentis attics Bntmneyer< 9) £03 Foose fio tee Le 152 84 53 
Egyptian Apis, a RLS erotica Oy SO e300 ras 20 
Bubalus arnee, No. 6707, Paris Mus.. .| 78 28 40 22 cst 
Equus caballus (Clydesdale)... .....| 2 se aetaee |) yes 130 
Metacarpus. 
Width of Diameter of W idth oe tinetes of 
distal end, distal end. middle. | middle. 
North Kurgan, Anau, — 20 feet...... | 70 36 37 We 
Bos primigenius, after T’scherski..... | 76.5 a 51 35 
Egyptian Apis, Paris Mus........... J 70 37 38 | 27 
Bubalus arnee, No. 6707, Paris Mus.. 67 34 a6 | 23 
Bos taurus, Paris Mus. . So oto OPI 68 42 46 32 
Bubalus bainii, Ambolisatra......... 2 | 45 62 | 36 
5 4 





* David, A., Beitrage zur Kenntnis der Abstammung des Hausrinds. Landw. Jahrbuch der Schweiz, Bern, 1897, p. 134. 
It is easy to observe that the dimensions of the subfossil bones from Anau 
greatly exceed those of the corresponding bones of one of the greatest modern 
horses and closely approach the bones of Bos primigenius of the ancient Kuropean 
culture-strata. It is not probable, considering the remains we find in the later 
periods of the kurgan, that the first inhabitants of Anau hunted a gigantic wild 
horse or had a horse of the size of a Clydesdale or a Percheron; and there can be 
no doubt that the bones mentioned belonged to a large bovine animal. Another 
extremity bone, a metacarpus medius, No. 121, confirms this conclusion. Marked 
