CAVICORNIA. 361 

Semitic = alpu; a wild bull was written YW =am, Semitic=rimu,in Hebrew = reem. 
The difference between tame and wild bull is, therefore, in the ideogram, only 
the sign for mountain = **. A wild bull was in the ancient Sumero-Accadian 
language “a bull of the mountains.” 
Several ancient Babylonian sculptures or cylinder seals and many later 
Assyrian sculptures show very realistic pictures of a wild bovine, which I formerly 
identified with Bos primigenius Bojanus (plate 83, fig. 1). 
My recent studies on fossil remains of the bovines of the Indian Pleistocene 
have shown me that the Indian (Narbada and Siwaliks) and China faurina are 
the exact equivalent of the European urus (Bos primigenius Bojanus), excepting 
some very slight variations produced by different geographical and local influences: 
so that the Bos namadicus Falconer & Cautley would represent the European 
urus for the Asiatic continent, especially the North Indian mountains and their 
neighborhood (compare fig. 490 with plate 81). 

Fig. 490.—Bos namadicus, after Lydekker. Indian Geological Survey. 
The buffalo, the other wild bull hunted by the ancient inhabitants of Persia, 
Babylonia, and Assyria, is Bubalus paleindicus Falconer, or the recent form 
descending from that Pleistocene species, Bubalus arnee Kerr. It is already 
represented on the cylinder seals of the kings of Shipurla and of Ur. ‘The best 
representation can be found on the cylinder seal of Sargon, King of Accad, who 
reigned B. C. 3800 to 3750. ‘This seal in the collection of M. de Clercq, of Paris, 
bears the following inscription, “Sar-ga-ni-sar-luh sar Agaddeki Ib-ni-sar tup-sar 
aradsu’’ (“from Sargon, King of Accad, Ibnishar the scribe, his servant).’’* 


* See Clercq et Ménant, Antiquités Assyriennes, p. 79, fig. 46. Paris, 1888. 
