362 ANIMAL REMAINS FROM THE EXCAVATIONS AT ANAU. 
We know further that great numbers of these large animals were killed by 
the Assyrian king Ashur-nasir-pal, on the hunting grounds near the Euphrates. 
Aristotle mentions the occurrence of the buffalo with horns curved back to the 
neck, in Arachosia, the Persian province Khokand; and Chosroes II (591 to 628 
A. D.) is represented on a silver plate in the National Library of Paris as hunting 
this animal.* 
There can be no doubt that two large bovine animals lived in very ancient 
times in Northern Persia in proximity to the Anau kurgans. Which of these 
two animals furnished the bones we are discussing and was the one hunted by the 
ancient Anau-li? Fortunately there are among the bones from the deepest layers 
of the kurgan several which enable us to answer this question. These are fragments 
of a right branch of a lower jaw, which I have restored, a basioccipital bone, and 
a fragment of a horn-core. 
Table of dimensions (in millimeters). 


| North Kurgan, Bos namadicus Bos primige- Bubalus 
Lower jaw. Anau, Narbada nius arnee 
— 20 ft. | (Brit. Mus.). (Mus. Bern). (Paris). 
a ee ee ek fe HOES OE a 28 a = | 
} Lemptiiny: ceca siete a sieteue es Pico ot snatcka cee eee 438 443 ates 455 
| Lengtiwot Gemtitign... $0 secur pe nee ee 162 171 161 125 
Lengthiot,molarsy2acer ...ren eee nes 108 110 . 104 
Length ofprentolarss a... .00 7 > sere ee 76 80 56 henets 
| Length ‘of toothless "parties... .ntsnis oer mee 1 ie 115 asiefre 154 
Width of ascending bratich ya. eee 136 142 ae 139 
| Height of horizontal branch at premolar1..... 53 | 5I 45 5I 
Width of:ineisivespartcca. = ae cee ee 78 83 | 84 102 

North Kurgan, | Bos primi- 
i] 





Basioccipital bone. Anau, genius, Kirken-| Bos taurus, 
—17 ft. dorightshire Walthamstow. 
(Mus. London), 
| B4e: as - “ Ge ee sats = i a 
Length of cond jie!| 2: i wea a ee ee 110 130 105 
| Width of foramen. = ceccc enn Ose ons ae re eee | 43 43 
Width aboveicondyies o. ...> aeons See ae ees een | 56 65 Teg 
Width, on upper, protuberances)... ee eens 60 2 57 
Width on tuberctla pharynves ...c.c ah var. eee ee 37 eae 26 
Length from upper protuberances to tubercula pharyngee... . 44 46 oe 
Lateral lenoth of basioceipital eat. ce seen eee 2 94 76 
7 | Circumf aie = Verti 1 7 
r ienc . > erence 
Provenience of horn-core. Soy wp Pi brcibgeae | Length of core. 
Anat. oo.0 ne ce ga Sie es ican eit are cae ee ore | about 400 120 | aes 
Suen-Hua-Fu, China, Bos namadicus (Mus. Paris)...... oa 413 122 about 830 
Ilford, Essex, England, Brit. Mus. (N. 25426) Bos primigenius.. 430 124 1000 
Algeri: a, Bos opistonomus Pomel (Mus. Algeria)............ 340 90 800 
Levallois- Perret (Paris), Bos primigenius (Mus. Paris)...... 415 110 725 
Rhine, Bosprimigentus (Mus. Darmstadt)......../3........ ) 382 100 690 


It is well known that one of the principal differences between the bubaline 
and the taurine form of the ox tribe consists in the slender form of the lower jaw 
and especially in the greater width of the incisive part (corpus) of the lower jaw 
in the buffalo, and the greater narrowness of the horizontal branch behind the 

* Duerst, Suciaaes, ruminants sur des ceuvres d’: art Ceaaiiates, Revue archéolog., I, pp. 239-244. 
