CAVICORNIA. 369 
Some comparative withers heights are given below: 
Bos primigenius, skeleton at Berlin............... 168 
Bos namadicus, Narbada Valley «India, calculated 
from the length of the skull (50.8 cm.) in the 
BritisheMiUseiiniaee cs ae he ie verte. f erie 149 
PS OGMAMOLLCUS ANA mere eters wielee Gielen «sie each 149 
Apis skeleton (Bos tawrus macroceros) Paris........ 154 
BOSMMUTUS ANACHOCETOSSUATION to icloiie ce cee eve te steels 153 
ERUNSATIAN Caltleemp eevee me Maree: catty ecrettrt races) © 150 
SUAOTE VOI Callie re oc sans oa wo ew yee ae rh nie co 149-122 
PactiPristan cattle fs ooo cates tee tee 149-137 
Swisshommmentalicattlern comdcteie scsheres) se esettrarels oe 145-137 
It is probable that the measurement calculated from the lower jaw for Bos 
namadicus is rather small, because the lower jaw is perhaps that of a smaller or 
female individual. We have unfortunately no means of checking this, unless 
we calculate the height of the withers from the width of the metacarpus. This 
small measurement, however, leaves a very uncertain result. We obtain 158 cm. 
in our special case. In any event, the two calculated withers heights suffice 
perfectly to show that we have to do with large, stout bovids, in both wild and 
domesticated forms. 
We can therefore recapitulate as follows concerning the results of our study 
of the bovids of Anau: 
In the lower layers of the period Ia, from —24 feet upward, there occur the 
remains of a wild Bos namadicus Falconer & Cautley. During period Id there 
originates from this wild form a domesticated bovid, large and stately, provided 
with long horns. Judging from the measurements of the preserved bones, this 
is absolutely the same ox that was possessed by the ancient Egyptians. In the 
period II the size of the animal seems to have somewhat diminished, unless possibly 
a smaller bovid may have reached Anau with the other newly imported domestic 
animals. It is, however, possible that this small form of cattle of the culture II 
originated in a decline of the cattle-breeding of the later Anau-li; as indeed the 
originally large, long-horned ox of the early Babylonians had already become 
small and short-horned in Assyrian times, and to-day, after a relatively shorter 
interval, shows a tendency to become hornless. The existence of the short-horned 
cattle in Western Central Asia is also shown by the discovery of a skull in a kurgan 
of bronze time in Bizino, near Tobolsk (plate 78, fig. 6). 
We find the long-horned form of domestic cattle already in the time of the 
Babylonians about 4000 to 5000 B. c., in Mesopotamia, as appears on a cylinder 
seal of those times. We see on this seal the representation of two oxen, moving 
through a field of grain. Still better known and more available for comparison, 
because of the greater quantity of existing bone, whole skeletons, skulls, etc., 
is the occurrence of long-horned cattle dating from the earliest times in Egypt. 
I have previously discussed the connection of these bovids with the African 
and European forms. It follows clearly from the distributions of the long-horned 
cattle over Asia and Europe that the Anau bovids also had an influence in forming 
the European domestic cattle, as we shall endeavor to show later. 
