370 ANIMAL REMAINS FROM THE EXCAVATIONS AT ANAU. 
OVINA. 
WILD SHEEP. 
Ovis vignei arkal Lydekker. (See plate 75, fig..1; plate 76, figs. 1-4 and 8; plate 82, fig. 2). 
Among the bones which are assignable to the sheep there are several frag- 
ments of very large horn-cores, which could in part be put together, forming then 
the calvarium (plate 75, fig. 1). This comes from culture Ia layers from a depth 
of —2o feet and, therefore, belonged to a contemporary of the oldest period. 
In order to identify this fragment of a skull we must first learn whether we 
have to do with a wild or domesticated sheep. This question, thanks to the better 
bones, is easier to determine than it was in the case of the Anau bovids. There 
is no domestic sheep which shows horns corresponding even approximately to 
these horn-cores. We find them, however, among wild sheep. 
Among the wild sheep that might come in question are those of the steppes, 
Ovis orientalis Gmelin (Ovis arkal Brandt) and those of the Kopet Dagh, which 
Lydekker calls Ovis vignet arkal. 
It is now evident that, even according to Lydekker, there is no great difference 
between these two forms of sheep, and that it will not be possible to show any 
differences from the few bones, since the species and subspecies are based only 
on characters of skin and horn. I would remark here that in my preliminary 
report of last year to Professor Pumpelly, without then knowing cf the occurrence 
of the urial in the Kopet Dagh, I wrote: ‘‘ These large spongy horn-cores seem to 
belong to the forms of Ovis orientalis Gmelin, seu O. arkal Brandt, although they 
are but little different from Ovis vigner Blyth.” 
The Kopet Dagh sheep was named Ovis arkal in 1857 by Blasius and is evi- 
dently allied to the urial of the Punjab race, with which Lydekker has proposed 
to identify it.* 
In a more recent treatiset Lydekker studies an adult skull of this animal 
and says: 
It will be remembered that the Punjab race of the urial (Ovis vignei cycloceros), at any rate as exempli- 
fied by the specimens from Peshawer and Afghanistan in the British Museum, differs from the typical 
Ovis vignet of Astor and Ladak in the much greater prominence of the two front angles of the horns, which 
are often raised into nodose beads, between which the front surface of the horn is depressed and carries 
bold and widely separated transverse ridges. In the Kopet Dagh urial the prominence of the front angles 
of the horns is still more pronounced, though the beading is somewhat less conspicuous. Moreover, the 
front surface of the horn is unusually broad and flattened, with the transverse wrinkles very low and indis- 
tinct. The length of the horn is 33 inches along the inner front angle, with a basal circumference of 11 
inches, a basal width of 3 inches and a basal depth of 4 inches. 
The last two dimensions are considerably greater than in a skull of the urial, measured by Mr. Hume, 
in which the length along the curve is 35 inches. 
The Kopet Dagh urial appears decidedly to be a distinct form connected with the typical Ovis vignet 
by the Punjab race of that species. 
On these grounds I regard it as a local race, rather than a species; its name will accordingly be Ovis 
vignet arkal (or perhaps arca/). 

* Tydekker, Wild Oxen, Sheep, and Goat, p. 173. 
{ Lydekker, Note on the Wild Sheep, of the Kopet Dagh, Proc. Zool. Soc., Feb. 3, 1903, pp. 102-3. 
