376 ANIMAL REMAINS FROM THE EXCAVATIONS AT ANAU. 
At +8 feet we find for the first time a well-preserved core of a domesticated 
sheep, which belongs to the already mentioned large-horned form. It is the same 
as the Ovis vignet horn-cores, but a little smaller. But in the same layer there 
occurs a second core, which is not derived from the same animal, as it is notably 
smaller, more slender and also of two-edged form. Further core-pieces occur 
frequently in all the following layers, the best-preserved of these cores being found 
at +20, +25, and +26 feet. These cores disappear then entirely and from there 
on we meet only with the very slender cores of Ovis aries palustris, horn-core 
bases, with both attached frontal pieces and middle pieces, being very common. 
The cores of Ovis aries palustris begin to appear, however, before the + 28- 
foot layer, 7. e., during the occurrence of remains of the large-horned form. ‘The 
calvarium already mentioned, shown in plate 75, fig. 2, comes from this layer. 
Its horns, which are still rather stout, indicate that the now-developing turbary- 
sheep form is yet in the process of evolution. The turbary-sheep form continues 
until the uppermost layers of the kurgan are reached. It becomes considerably 
rarer, however, above +33 feet and about that time there enters a hornless sheep, 
which we shall presently consider. Thanks to Professor Pumpelly’s care these 
closely accurate stratigraphic relations afford us weighty evidence that the Ovis 
palustris is autochthonous in this part of Turkestan and was bred from the Ovis 
vignet of the Kopet Dagh; for it is clear that here a few feet of culture-strata 
represent centuries during which a very great transformation could take place 
in the Anau sheep. 
In the tables on pp. 374-375, I have brought together the measurements of the 
horn-cores and the cranial remains from the layer +28 feet, in comparison with 
such specimens from European culture-strata. It is easily seen that the measure- 
ments agree with each other, serving merely to strengthen the impression made 
by the agreement in form. 
THE HORNLESS SHEEP OF THE COPPER PERIOD. 
(See plate 75, fig. 3.) 
In the former section it was shown that at about the +33 to +34-foot culture- 
layer the horned palustris sheep was crowded into the background by a hornless 
sheep, which suddenly appears in numerous individuals. As is well known it is 
difficult to find among the hornless sheep such differences in cranial structure 
as to permit a determination of the breed. ‘The skulls of hornless sheep and of 
goats are distinguishable from each other with difficulty when the sutures of the 
parietal bone are no longer recognizable. It is, therefore, impossible to determine 
the exact relationship of the hornless sheep of the II or copper-culture period. 
The dimensions of the skulls of different hornless sheep, brought together in the 
following table, show a perfect agreement with the hornless sheep skull from a 
turbary at Abbeville in France, preserved in the Museum of Natural History 
at Paris; but, on the other hand, the agreement of the measurements with those 
of the skull of an Ovis platyura bucharica ewe is very strong. 
