CAMELID. 383 
CAMELID&. 
Camelus sp. [bactrianus Erxel (?)]. (See plate 73, figs. 10 and 11; plate 77, figs. 10-12.) 
Bones of the camel are found only in the highest layers of culture II or the 
copper period of the North Kurgan. The phalanx secunda, No. 615, came from 
between +26 to +31 feet, and the fourth vertebra cervicalis, No. 1062, from 
+32 feet. No remains of the camel were found below these layers, though we 
naturally find them again in the shafts of the much later Anau citadel, where 
they can be but a few centuries old. It is therefore very probable that the camel 
was imported as a domestic animal at a much later time than the age of the lower 
strata of the North Kurgan. However, even the complete absence of bones of a 
wild camel in the layers of culture I is no reason to conclude positively that this 
animal was not then living in a wild state in this region, for Przewalski found 
it still in a wild state near Lob-Nor, south of the Tian Shan. 
Table of dimensions (in millimeters). 



. n 7) K bh h 
© 3 a A} Se ie 
i - _ 
7 i ha a Bye Saeco Ne a(n 
s|/si/3/8ie|/e]os8|] 8) a.) 82) 83) = 
Gn Visca ins a ek i (= Ge ee g Se at ae a 
1 — Lo} ow » v HS et Oe cay rs) 
2 NP ca Pita ae RS a ah G9 RC Ms 
ee wage eS eee har Poke bog 
Fey Sr ane es bo ere he Aan hoe 
5 © eae 
heer Si POA I 5 eS = = S 
PHALANX I: 
Anau City mosque 
shafts— 9 to—11fect.j104 | 44 | 34 | 21 | 22 | 37 | 28] .... | 
Camelus bactrianus, 
anult (Mae, Bern). «| 91 1740 | 32 | 20 [19 | 33 | 24] .... | coon 
PHALANX II: 
North Kurgan, Anau, 
eo letOnt=oOmeet.y nle74. 35 13027 tio. 1 AT | 19 
Camelus bactrianus, 
adult (Mus. Bern)....| 56 | 28 | 21 | 21 | 14 | 30 | 11 
FourRTH VERTEBRA CERVI- 
CALIS: 
PATIAI SNOUT OO2:.72 ste = Bi Neen lh gd hee age esc iaeal er 138 58 108 741 69 62 
Camelus  bactrianus 
Docs GUAE Mets e ed Mall or Saal gic] en oceh ea IRS 120) SOM ICO 69 68 60 















It is impossible to determine exactly the species to which the Anau camel 
may have belonged; but historical reasons and considerations of geographical 
distribution make it seem probable that it was of the Bactrian race of camel, 
and therefore two-humped. This is only our opinion, however, for the differences 
between the skeleton of the one-humped dromedary and the two-humped Bac- 
trian camel are very slight and not perceptible in the well-preserved bones of the 
kurgan. The Anau camel was certainly a large animal, as will be seen from the 
preceding table of dimensions, where it is compared with the skeleton of a camel 
preserved in the Museum of Bern. 
Fossil remains of the camel have been found in the Siwalik Hills of Northern 
India and in later Pleistocene deposits in Lutschka, near Sarepta, on the Volga, 
north of the Caspian, the latter having been published by Nehring under the name 

