384 ANIMAL REMAINS FROM THE EXCAVATIONS AT ANAU. 
of Camelus knoblochi. Stefanesku discovered in Roumania the bones of a camel 
which he describes under the name of Camelus alutensis. Pomel describes Camelus 
thomasi from the Pleistocene of Algeria. Hence it seems to be highly probable, 
as was first pointed out by Nehring, that the one-humped and the two-humped 
camels were developed in different countries; and that while all descended from 
the ancestral form of the Siwalik Hills, one branch, reaching Western Asia and 
Eastern Europe, formed Camelus knoblochi and the Camelus alutensis, and probably 
also the domestic race of the camel found at Anau. This branch was two-humped; 
while the other branch, passing like the Indian buffalo (Bubalus paleindicus) 
into Africa, has formed the one-humped variety of Northern Africa and Arabia. 
That the camel was domesticated in very early times is proved by the repre- 
sentations and sculptures of the Assyrians and Persians. In the later Persian 
monuments of Persepolis and those of the Assyrians of Khorsabad and Nimrud, 
we frequently see one-humped dromedaries; but it is only on the black obelisk 
of Nimrud, which is inscribed with an account cf the campaigns of Shalmaneser 
II, King of Assyria from 860 B. c. to 825 B. c., that we see two-humped Bactrian 
camels, where several of them are represented under title of payment of tribute 
of the land of Musri. The land cf Musri, which belonged to King Asu of Gurzan, 
or Gilgani, was situated north of Lake Urmia, in the neighborhood of the Kara 
Dagh and Mount Ararat. Since our results seem to show that at the time of the 
oldest culture-strata of Anau the wild camel did not exist in this part of Turkestan, 
it is possible that the domesticated animal was imported with the goat from 
Bactriana or from the Iranian plateau. 
Ordo PERISSODACTYLA. 
EQUID A. 
Equus caballus Linneus. (See plate 77, figs. 1-9.) 
One of the animals of which we find the greatest quantity of well-preserved 
bones is a relative of the horse tribe. From the deepest layers, —24 feet, of the 
oldest period to the superficial remains of the latest habitations of the North 
Kurgan, we find great quantities of these bones in all the strata that have been 
opened. Therefore the equine animals must have been very abundant throughout 
the life of the kurgan. Notwithstanding this great quantity, it is not easy to 
form a picture of the equids to which these osseous remains belonged. We have 
only very few data concerning the bones of the Post-Tertiary and subfossil horses 
of China, Mongolia, and Central Asia,* which have been only slightly increased 
by Tscherskif for the Siberian horses. 
Nevertheless, despite the defective knowledge concerning the prehistoric 
horses, Central Asia is looked upon by many authors as the cradle of the European 
domestic horse, as well as that of the human race in general. 
Nehringtf has, it is true, proved that a domestic horse was formed out of the 
diluvial horse of Kurope on European ground, which took part in the creation 

*Gaudry, Journal de Zoologie, Gervais, 1872, t. 1, pp. 300-302; M. Wilckens, Nova Acta, Leop.-Carol. 
deutsch. Akad. d. Naturf., 1888, Bd. Lu, No. 5, p ; 
} Tscherski, Mémoires Acad. Imp. St.-Petersburg, VII série, tome XL, pp. 257-383, 1893. 
{ Nehring, Fossile Pferde deutschen Diluvial Ablagerungen,. Landwirtsch. Jahrbuch, Bd. x11, 1884. 
