ORDO PERISSODACTYLA. 389 
to that of the’ Anau horse; thus premolar 3 =103.2, 116.6; premolar 4=112.5, 
121.7; molar 1=144.7, 120.4; molar 2=117.3, 129.6. 
However, if we now consider the teeth in connection with the appearance 
of their form, as well as that of their patterns and enamel plications, we shall 
recognize at once the extremely slight plication of the enamel layers. The inter- 
nal lobule of the anterior island is further distinctly drawn apart into two horns 
and flattened. The “spur’’ (of the German authors) occurs only on the premolars. 
This eliminates the possibility that we have here an animal belonging to the group 
of asses or half-asses. 
This is further evidenced by the lateral expansion of premolar 2, which in 
the Anau specimen is 78.8 and 83.9, in the Siberian horse 71.2,and but 60.9 in the 
asses and half-asses; especially in the djiggetai, Equus hemionus, which otherwise, 
on account of the size of the extremity bones, would here come very much into 
question, where it sinks to 50 to 57 per cent. This, according to Tscherski, is a 
very typical occurrence. 
In general the premolars of the half-asses show a narrow isthmus and a strongly 
widened capitulum, which does not happen at all in the Anau horse. We can, 
therefore, assume with certainty that we have here, not a half-ass or an ass, but 
a genuine horse. 
It remains now only for us to determine to what variety this horse belongs. 
The shape and conformation of the enameled crown, as well as the projection 
of the lobes, indicate a horse belonging to the Oriental group, but the form of the 
anterior island and the relations of length and breadth of the teeth point to the 
Occidental races. We have no frontal bone pieces, which would easily enlighten 
us on this point, and must, therefore, seek some other method. 
If we compare fig. 4 on Tscherski’s plate 11 with the molar series of Anau 
(plate 77, fig. 1, and text-fig. 491, a ande, p. 413), we shall see that beyond question 
a similar form of teeth is represented in both. The dental system of the fossil as 
well as of the known recent Siberian horses is peculiar in that, notwithstanding 
the characteristics of the skull, which place it in the group of the Oriental (medium- 
browed) horses, it shows a character which is peculiar to the heavy, narrow-browed 
West-European races, and in addition reaches the highest degree of the develop- 
ment of this type, especially as regards the considerable anterior projection of the 
internal lobule in the teeth of the upper jaw. If we should judge only by the form 
and the before-mentioned dimensional proportions of the teeth our Anau horse 
would belong to this Siberian group. 
THE LOWER JAw. 
The remains of lower jaws which we have from the kurgan, although four 
in number, consist of very fragmentary pieces, in only one of which are the branches 
sufficiently preserved to permit a determination of the length of the diastemas. 
From the dimensions, however, we can easily recognize that only a horse of medium 
or small size is indicated. What has been said with regard to the peculiarities 
of the teeth of the upper jaw applies fully to those of the lower jaw. 
