402 THE HORSE OF ANAU IN ITS VARIOUS RELATIONS. 
What concerns us before all else is the question: In what relation does the 
horse of Anau stand to the domestic horses of to-day, and espectally to their direct 
ancestors, the subfosstl horses? After the foregoing special investigation and the 
subsequent general comparisons, I have no hesitation in asserting that we must 
see in the horse of Anau the first representative of the Orvental race of horses. 
FOSSIL AND SUBFOSSIL HORSES AND THEIR CHARACTERISTICS. * 
I will not attempt here to trace the connection of the Equide of the later and 
middle Tertiary period, although since the wonderful results of Henry F. Osborn 
(in the American Tertiary) this would be a pleasant and profitable subject; nor 
can I here institute a comparison with the other diluvial Equide—the Equus 
stenoni Cocchi, Equus quaggoides F. Major, Equus speleus Owen, Equus mauri- 
tanicus Pomel, ete. In this place I will attempt only to establish the relationship 
of the horse of Anau, especially to the remains of those horses which, with more 
or less right, have been regarded as the ancestors of our domestic horse, and whose 
direct conversion to the domestic state has been assumed to be certain. We will 
here notice the principal types in question. 
THE HORSE OF THE QUATERNARY PERIOD OF EUROPE. 
During the glacial period the forested area became greatly restricted, grasses, 
herbaceous plants, shrubs, succeeded trees as the predominant vegetation. These 
steppe-like regions became the home of numerous herds of wild horses, together 
with scirtetes, jerboas (alactaga), spermophili, bobacs, lagomys, arvicole, and 
other characteristic inhabitants of the loess steppes of to-day beyond the Volga.t 
The horse that then lived in the northeastern part of Central Europe was, 
as shown by the remains found at Remagen, Westeregeln, and in other places, 
a medium-sized, stocky animal with thick bones and a large head. It may, there- 
fore, from this bodily shape be taken to have ranked very near the present Equus 
przewalskit, which according to Grum-Grshimailo has a withers-height of 153 centi- 
meters.{ In the southern part of this region there seems to have lived besides 
this horse, either at the same time or somewhat later, a smaller form of the same 
variety. ‘This is not surprising when we consider that Matschie recognizes a larger 
and smaller variety of the Przewalski horse. By this I do not mean the form of 
Equus caballus fossilis, which Woldrich has called “minor’’ and which Nehring, 
objecting, held should rather be called ‘‘ major,’’ since the horse of Nussdorf, with 
its 555 mm. basal length of skull, must be counted among the largest horses. 
No; it was the horse of Solutré, Cindré, and other points in France, that 
represents the small, broad-boned European wild horse. We do not know whether 
the paleolithic horse of Solutré was domesticated, as Toussaint asserts. Nehring 
also assumes that the horse was already domesticated in the glacial period, and I, 



*Dr. Duerst designates as ‘‘fossil” all occurrences of paleolithic age or earlier, and as ‘‘subfossil’’ 
all of later age.—R. P. 
tA. Nehring Fossile Pferde aus deutschen Diluvialablagerungen, etc. Landw. Jahrbiicher, x11, 
1884, p. 148. 
{Compare p. 426. 
