41O THE HORSE OF ANAU IN ITS VARIOUS RELATIONS. 
in the ass the “spur’’ is wanting on all the teeth, while the equid of Auvernier 
has it on all the premolars and on the third molar. It is noteworthy, though 
without value in distinguishing between species, that the ass of Abadieh has the 
first premolar, which is not frequent at this age. I find no differences in the inci- 
sors, which are fully present in both skulls. The incisive part of the Auvernier 
equid is, with a width of 62 mm., somewhat wider than that of the ass, which 
measures only 52 mm. ‘The equid of Auvernier had during life a broader muzzle 
than the ass, again recalling the horse, which, especially in the diluvial horse, 
had a very broad muzzle, broader than is shown in recent horses (83 to 88 mm., 
Nehring, op. cit., p. 90). 
The equid of Auvernier is thus shown to differ in its principal points from 
the ass of Abadieh and must, therefore, be regarded as a horse and no longer as 
an ass. We may see confirmatory evidence that it is a horse that was used by 
the people of Auvernier, in the size of a bronze bit from the pile-dwelling of 
Mohringen on the same Lake of Bienne; this measures 9 cm., while the maxilla 
where the snaffle lies measures 5.1 cm. Moreover, Marek* has published a series 
of skulls from stations of the same age, as well as later (among them a plaster 
cast of the Auvernier horse), which are classed by him as Helveto-Gallic horses. 
If it has been shown that Rtitimeyer erred in his determination of the Auvernier 
skull, it is now easy to prove the same in the case of Sanson. ‘Two skulls in the 
Galerie de Paléontologie of the Museum in Paris belong, in dimensions and in 
form, to the same variety of horse as that of Auvernier, and their special charac- 
teristics will now be considered. 
We can take up the thread of our argument at the point where we left it 
(p. 403) in order to identify these two skulls, which, if they had been African 
asses, would have been of fundamental importance as to the distribution of domes- 
tic animals in prehistoric times. 
(b) The copper time of the bronze age brought to Europe the small, slender- 
limbed horses whose domesticated condition is for the first time certain; and 
which is proved also to have existed in: 
(c) The La Tene Period (iron) and which have been already treated by Studer,t 
Marek,{ Kraemer,§ and others. 
(d) The Hallstatt Period seems, probably on account of the heavier armor 
of the cavalry of that time, to bring us already the heavy type of horse that we 
find in Roman times at Vindonissa; at least the skull from Schuettarschen, which 
will soon be treated of, differs in several respects from those of the bronze and 
La Tene periods. Unfortunately we have from Schuettarschen no bones of the 
extremities to aid in more exact discrimination. 
(e) The Roman Times bring us better, more abundant material, as we shall 
see in the finds from Vindonissa. 

*T. Marek, Das Helvetisch-Gallische Pferd, ete. Abhandl. Schweiz. paleont. Gesellsch., Ziirich, 1898. 
7 Th. Studer, Die Tierwelt in den Pfahlbauten des Bielersees. Mith. Berner naturf. Gesellsch., 1883. 
tJ. Marek, Das Helvetisch-Gallische Pferd. Abhandl. d. Schweiz. pal. Gesellsch., xxv, 1898. 
§ Kraemer, Haustierfunde von Vindonissa. Revue Suisse de Zoologie, t. 7, 1899, pp. 143 et seq. 
