THE SKULL OF THE PREHISTORIC HORSES. AII 
The horse of the La Téne period remains, however, till still later times, as 
is shown by a skull from an Alemannic grave at Ko6nigsfelden near Vindonissa. 
After this review of the most important finds at our disposal of remains of horses, 
dating from different periods, we may attempt to compare these finds with each 
other and with the Anau horse, which, with the horses of the Quaternary epoch 
and that of the paleolithic age at Solutré, ranks oldest among the horses we have 
considered. 
THE SKULL) OF THE. PREHISTORIC. HORSES. 
THE TEETH. 
The incisors of both jaws are abundantly represented in the collection before 
me. Still, notwithstanding the opinion of Wilckens,* I do not believe that their 
characteristics will be of value in classifying races and species; the phenomena 
of their growth and abrasion are sufficiently well-known and are widely used 
in determining age. 
Although Salenskif says that Equus przewalski has larger teeth than any 
other horse, this may be inconclusive, since this characteristic is essentially 
dependent on the age of the animal. Moreover, I have not been able to find out 
whether Salenski had in mind the whole length of a tooth or measured only the 
chewing surface. Indeed, it seems from the size of the dimensions that by length 
Salenski meant the projection of the tooth out of the alveola and called the length 
of the chewing surface ‘“‘width.’? The value of such measurements is naturally 
problematic, since with age the incisors can project from 1 to 7 cm., and especially 
since we do not know from Salenski exactly how old (according to the teeth) 
were the animals in question. 
More important than the size of the teeth is the width of the intermaxillary, 
which gives the means of determining the width of muzzle of the living animal. 
From Anau, however, we have some specimens in which the intermaxillary 
can not be measured because the teeth are broken off. I will use here, for com- 
parison with those from other localities, better preserved specimens of lower jaws. 
Dimensions of corpus of lower jaw (in millimeters). 






eee! Diastema 
Greatest | Seca Height of from in- 
width. bari até corpus. cisors to 
: canines. 
( nee 40 32 Re 
PATICUIEMOLSE Guctayersdeelenehere cists 0 st-tns centers oo se 7 Soha 35 58 a 
Diluvial horse after Nehring, upper jaw....... 84 stots Seer: 18 
Diluvial or paleolithic, Schellenken, upper jaw, 
piglet? WORST cok «eee ete ewan ane vam | 67 ce Boge 18 
VOStonmtza male sory ears, . amet ees se ier ie 62 35 24 10 
Gross Czernosek,smale;' 8 yearga se ee'\s10)5 5-101: 62 43 25 5 
Liebshausen (La Téne), male, 14 years....... 64 40 29 9 
Gross Czernosek (Rasch), 10 years........... 56 37 23 Asa 
PeePTAEZ 5 COLIC gr el, Disiata sinti Ae lsd sm =m Sete ws 8 We 38 27 
PANUVERTIICL Wt ee tactics ster tkas srete.s serene ale aaetate cis 60 were avery 
Alemannic horse, Koenigsfelden............. 61 




*M. Wilckens, Beitrage f. Kenntniss des Pferdegebiss, etc. Halle, 1888. Nova Acta, K. Leop.-Carol. 
deutsch. Akad. d. Naturf. 
TOp. cit., p. 48. 
