428 THE HORSE OF ANAU IN ITS VARIOUS RELATIONS. 
2. With equal certainty it follows that the Anau horse is ancestrally closely 
related to the Equus przewalski Poljakoff. The difference is chiefly in the more 
slender form of the limbs of the Anau horse. _ 
3. With similar certainty it is ascertained that the Anau horse is closely con- 
nected with the small horse which appears on the scene in Europe in the late- 
neolithic and bronze ages and in the La Téne period, and has a wide distribution. 
4. As a consequence, it is probable that the Przewalski horse stands, presum- 
ably through the Anau horse, in close relationship with that of La Tene, etc. 
5. The relationship and similarity, however, of the southern, Italian, French, and 
Swiss paleolithic and early-neolithic horses to the North German horse are slighter, 
chiefly because of the greater size and the stouter, heavier build of the latter. 
6. Thus the horses of Solutré, etc., notwithstanding their ancestral relation- 
ship, stand more distantly removed from Equus przewalsku than from the North 
German diluvial horse, naturally because of their geographical distribution. 
7. The horses of the Schlossberg, especially on account of their stouter limbs, 
do not stand in as close a relationship to the Anau horse as do the La Téne horses. 
8. The horse of Anau agrees still less with that of Solutré and Kesslerloch, and 
though there exists a resemblance this is much slighter than to Equus przewalskit. 
These, therefore, are the theses on which we will now base our conclusions. 
THE TERTIARY HORSES OF EUROPE. 
If, following the assertion of the always cautious Tscherski, we look upon 
Equus stenonis Cocchi as the precursor of the diluvial horse of Southern Europe, 
which agrees on one side with the diluvial horse of Siberia, and on the other side 
with that of Remagen and Westeregeln (that is, with Equus caballus fossilis robustus 
seu germanicus Nehring); and if we consider the other varieties of diluvial horses: 
Equus speleus, varieties A and B, and Equus plicidens Owen, Equus piscinensts 
Gervais, Equus quaggoides F. Major (formerly called intermedius), Equus stenonis 
affinis Woldrich and Equus quaggoides affinis of the same author,* all of which will 
perhaps disappear some day, before a more far-seeing and more scientific criticism, 
based on more abundant and better preserved material, we must assume the exist- 
ence during Pliocene and Pleistocene times, on the whole Eurasiatic continent 
of only one type of wild horse, which without doubt was differentiated into many 
local varieties or species, according to hairiness and color, size and shape, which 
(and I emphasize this) we can not determine with certainty by osteological and 
paleontological methods. As Major already insists, Equus stenonis Cocchi agreed 
absolutely in type with the horses of the uppermost Miocene of the Sivalik Hills 
and Narbada Valley of India—Equus sivalensis and namadicus Falconer and Caut- 
ley. It can, therefore, be assumed at once that Equus przewalskw Poljakoff stands 
as the last representative of that Tertiary and Quaternary horse, although Salenski 
would await more abundant data concerning Equus przewalskii before reaching 
such a conclusion. I hardly believe that, reasoning from osteological data, and 
this is here the only applicable method, more can ever be said than we have here 
indicated. Notwithstanding conclusion No. 6, which does not exclude it, I would 
state that Equus przewalskii, in the examples published by Salenski and Noack, 


_ *Woldrich, Beitrage z. Fauna d. Breccien u. a. Diluvialgebilde Oesterreichs, etc. Jahrb. k. k. Geolog. 
Reichsanstalt, Wien, 1882, Bd. 32, pp. 435-470. 
