CONCLUSIONS. 429 
harmonizes best with the diluvial horse of Solutré, while the larger animal, pub- 
lished by Grum-Grshimailo, inclines rather towards the Siberian diluvial horses of 
Tscherski and those of Nehring, both of which lived on succulent pastures of the 
loess-steppes. Indeed I state decidedly that, from among a somewhat compre- 
hensive collection of bones from Solutré, one can choose at pleasure bones wholly 
identical with those of specimens of Equus przewalskii. 
The disappearance of the tundras and loess-steppes of North Germany, as 
Nehring particularizes, caused the disappearance of at least the greater part of 
the wild horses, while those that remained had henceforth to adapt themselves to 
forest life. After this change we find, in the paleolithic and neolithic localities, 
remains of horses which, without having lost the broad, strong forms of the diluvial 
horse, show a diminution in size of the race. I recall here the metacarpi and meta- 
tarsi of the Bohemian localities (Wohontsch and Leitmeritz) and of the French 
(Couvres, Curchy, Louverné, Cindré, Fouvent). Not until the latest neolithic age, 
the copper and bronze stages of the bronze age, and the iron time, do we meet 
with the characteristic slender bones of the horse in the Bohemian as well as in 
the Swiss, French, and German (Spandau) localities. As much as the horses of 
Wohontsch, Leitmeritz, Cindré, Fouvent, etc., agree with the Schlossberg horse 
of the ancient Germans, so much do the bones of the animals of this new La 
Tene race resemble those of the horse of Anau, or Equus caballus pumpellii. 
In Anau, however, before the founding of the Anau culture, that is, during 
the paleolithic or latest early-neolithic culture of Europe, a horse lived on the 
loess-steppes, as shown by R. Pumpelly,* probably the same horse as that described. 
But we see how, during the existence of the two North Kurgan cultures at Anau, 
it became gradually more gracile and slender-limbed. The growing desert of 
Transcaspia, acting through changing nourishment and especially through the 
mechanical action of increased motion and adaptation to oasis life—as in all desert 
animals—created the extremely slender-limbed horse, which so preeminently 
embodies in its limbs Frank’s Oriental race. 
Should not importance be conceded in Europe, too, to the climatic and physio- 
graphic conditions which had such deep-reaching influence in Anau? Do we not 
see the action of fundamental climatic and physiographic conditions in the fact 
that the home of the modern heaviest horses is the whole of the North German, 
Belgian, northern French, and English lowlands not very far from the sea; and 
that,except in some more southern localities with deep rich soil and extensive farm- 
ing (Lombardy) nowhere else in the world have they succeeded in producing a 
heavy horse? I certainly believe it. The natural surroundings that condition 
the growth of horses and of their bones were active then as now. 
After the eminent investigations of Kraemer on the hollow bones of the horse, 
I have become convinced that the small-boned horse of the bronze age and La Tene 
time could not have been formed in the boundless primeval forests that grew up 
in Europe after the disappearance of the steppe vegetation, for we know that just 
these physiographic changes, by restricting the freedom of motion, thicken the 
extremities. Hence, it follows necessarily that this small, slender-limbed horse 
must have been zmported. But whence? 

*Pumpelly, Raphael, Interdependent Evolution of Oases and Civilizations, Presidential Address 
before the Geol. Soc. of America, 1905. Bull. Geol. Soc. Amer., vol. 17, pp. 55, 56. 
