430 THE HORSE OF ANAU IN ITS VARIOUS RELATIONS. 
Here we are enlightened by our thesis 3, which points out the close family 
connection with the horse of Anau. ‘The horse of the bronze age and iron age of 
Europe must have been imported directly or indirectly from Anau. Interesting 
and confirmatory is the appearance of the shepherd-dog, Canis matris optime, 
in the finds of the same ages in Bohemia and of Europe in general—the dog of 
whose occurrence in Anau we have spoken in an earlier chapter. The people who 
brought the horse of the bronze age to Europe were undoubtedly accompanied 
by the shepherd-dog. Therefore, I no longer -hesitate to give to the horse of the 
bronze age and early iron time of Europe the name that is its due, Equus caballus 
pumpellir. 
Coming now to Equus caballus nehringt, the small, stout horse of the ancient 
Germans, our thesis 7 proves that its agreement with the Anau horse is not very 
marked, less soindeed than that of Equus caballus pum pellii with the horse of Solutré, 
etc. I believe also that, considering the experiences of modern breeders in crossing 
Oriental and Occidental blood, we can assume that we have here not a cross of 
the German horse with that of the Gauls, that is, with Equus caballus pumpellit, 
for otherwise the Oriental blood would have struck through and have found 
expression in gracile bones, of which we have evidence only in the configuration 
of Gallic horses, concerning which Cesar says (Bell. Gall., 1v, 2) that they were 
considered to be better than those of the Germans, since they were improved by 
costly, imported horses of noble breed. This improvement probably consisted 
in an increase in size. At least the Roman horses of Vindonissa point in that 
direction, for, as pointed out by Kraemer,* we find in Vindonissa a larger horse 
than those of the ancient Germans and Helveto-Gauls. It is found both in the 
amphitheater—where it might have been wild—and in very great numbers in the 
talus of refuse below the castrum, where it may well represent the remains of the 
horse of the Roman cavalry. The bones of this horse of the size of that of Carda- 
mone, Arezzo, Devenzano, and of the larger ones of Solutré, point, through their 
texture and relative slenderness, to an admixture of foreign blood; indeed the 
occurrence of a series of small bones shows the contemporaneous presence of the 
bronze-age horse—Equus caballus pumpellit. It seems, then, very probable that 
it is this horse that was used by the Gauls in their ennobling experiments, for that 
the Romans could have brought it with the legions from Italy to Vindonissa is 
shown by the fact that camels too were used in the amphitheater, whose origin 
can not possibly be sought in Helvetia. Cesar says (Bell. Gall., vir, 65) that he 
gave Roman horses—the best he had—to his German soldiers, who were good 
riders but had bad horses. 
The Equus caballus nehringi must be regarded as the autochthonous forest 
type of the wild horse, originating in the primeval forests of Germany; surviving 
from the previous steppe-conditions, and becoming stunted in the forest period, 
to be at last, under the coercion and privations of severe winter life in the forest, 
brought by man under domestication, as was the Anau horse through the growth 
of desert conditions. I have already spoken in some detail? of the manner in 


* Die Haustierfunde von Vindonissa, pp. 264-266. 
}Tierzucht, Tierkult und Kulturgeschichte. Vortrag. Abstract in Neue Ziiricher Zeitung, Feb., 1907. 
