CONCLUSIONS. A31 
which I imagine this domestication to have been brought about and I shail treat 
of it again later. 
That this horse did not descend from the Anau horse, which was trained for 
speed, is already shown in the remarks of Cesar (Bell. Gall., rv, 2), Tacitus (German., 
6), and Appianus (d.r. Celt., 3), that the native horses, which were badly shaped, 
not well-set and not fast, but of great powers of endurance through daily strain, 
and in emergencies contented with the bark of trees, were nevertheless preferred 
by the Germans to those imported. 
Already Modi* has said that speed was the characteristic in a horse that 
impressed most an ancient Iranian. He, therefore, in common with his Aryan broth- 
ers, named this swiftest of the animals ‘‘aspa’’ from the old Aryan root ‘“‘ac¢’’ (to 
go rapidly). The word means one who goes rapidly. It seems that the speed of 
the horse was the cause which connected horse-racing with the festivals in honor 
of Mithras, the god of light. The primitive ancient Iranian, being much exposed 
to influences of Nature and coming into greater contact with Nature, began to 
clothe the greatest of Nature’s objects with the ideas most common to him on the 
surface of the earth. Just as he saw his swift horse cover long distances in a 
short time, he saw the sun go over the immense vault of heaven in a short time. 
So he called the sun, in his Avesta, by the name of “ Aurvat-aspa’’—the swift- 
horsed. 
Equus caballus fossilis Riitimeyer (its recent form is Equus przewalskii) 

Equus caballus robustus Nehring Equus caballus|pumpellii Duerst Equus caballus nehringi Duerst 
(the type of the steppes) (the type of the desert) (the type of the woods) 
Indian and Ancient Iranian and Bronze age horse 
Chinese horses Babylonian horses of Europe Celtic pony 




Hallstatt horse 
of Europe Arabian 
Persian horses Egyptian Modern pony breeds 
Greek and 
Roman horses 
Turkish 
Berber Sardinian, 
Corsican horse, 
horses of la Camargue, _ 
Frioul, etc, 
Andalusian horse Thoroushbred 
English race-horse 
Thus, then, is the horse of Anau the first fleet, the first desert, the first oriental 
domestic horse; and his genealogy, as well as his connection with the other Euro- 
pean horses is shown instructively in the above diagram. 

*Modi, Jivanji Jamshedji, The horse in Ancient Iran. Journ. Anthropolog. Soc. Bombay, vol. Iv, 
No. 1, p. 5, 1895. 
