A34 ANIMAL REMAINS FROM THE EXCAVATIONS AT ANAU. 
The breeding of camels, in the domestic economy of the Turkomans, furnishes 
principally milk and wool; the flesh is not willingly eaten. The principal use of 
the camel is for the transportation of goods, but among agricultural natives it 
aids also in field-work. | 
The breeding of asses stands in connection with that of the camel, since in 
the shorter journeys the leader of the caravan is always mounted upon an ass, 
whose short trot adapts it to the pace of the train. 
The breeding of horses lies mostly in the hands of the Kirghiz of the Man- 
ghishlak district. ‘Their small animals, gifted with great powers of endurance, 
are kept on the steppe in herds through the whole year and form among these 
people an important object of commerce. The Turkoman, on the other hand, 
breeds rather for his own use than for sale. The Turkoman horse is also much 
taller and more noble than that of the Kirghiz and, therefore, requires more careful 
treatment. 

Fig. 492.—Natives Mounted on Cattle and Horses. From the Badminton Magazine. 
Under the conditions in which the Turkomans formerly lived the possession 
of an enduring fast horse was of great importance, for on it depended the success 
of the alamans or the slave-hunting raids in Persia. Since the Russian conquest 
put an end to this, horse-breeding has fallen to a great extent. It is preserved 
only from complete decay by the passionate love of the Turkoman for very fast 
riding and for organized races. 
The least position in the animal industries of Transcaspia is occupied by cattle- 
breeding, which under the existing climatic conditions is not adapted to the 
nomadic life. In the agricultural oases, also, cattle are bred only to a small extent, 
and principally to produce work-animals (fig. 492). The use of beef is avoided 
by the Mohammedans. ‘The care extended to the cattle is most defective. It is 
only in winters abounding in snow that they receive sufficient fodder to barely pro- 
tect them from starvation. At other times they are dependent wholly upon the 
