436 ANIMAL REMAINS FROM THE EXCAVATIONS AT ANAU. 
sheep.”” With the metal period there appear hornless sheep; but whether this 
was a new race which was imported with the metals can not be determined with 
absolute certainty. The long-tailed sheep living to-day in the Anau district is not 
always horned. At all events, the breeding of sheep began very early and increased 
as long as we were able to follow it. 
Connected with this breeding is the appearance of the shepherd-dog (Canis 
jamiliaris matris optime) during this second culture. It was possibly derived 
from the small Russian wild dog (Canis poutiatini of Studer) or from the dingo. 
In Europe this form of dog occurs first in the bronze age, but very much later 
than in Anau. 
Thus the animal industry of Anau shows, in the second half of the first culture 
period, a very considerable breeding of cattle and horses; a less-developed, because 
just beginning, breeding of sheep; and a still less-developed breeding of swine. 
The second culture of the North Kurgan, however, shows a shifting of the 
conditions. New domesticated races appear suddenly, pointing to external com- 
munications, either as a result of hostile immigration or of friendly exchange. 
There is still represented the ox—which through bad nourishment has diminished 
in size—as well as the horse, the sheep, and the swine, but now there appear among 
the herds of the Anau-li the high-legged, long-necked camel, the hornless sheep, and 
the short-horned goat. 
During this period the breeding of sheep and swine has increased while that 
of the horses is unchanged, and that of the cattle has diminished. This is probably 
due to the fact that the newly imported camel, under changed climatic conditions, 
was better adapted to, and performed more contentedly, the duties of milk and 
work animal. The animal industry of the region of Anau at this period seems to 
approach more closely to the character of that of modern Turkestan, especially 
when one considers that in the course of centuries, under the influence of the 
changed religious observances, the breeding of swine and cattle has been still more 
suppressed. 
The cattle industry of the eneolithic or first culture of Anau was, however, 
different from that of to-day. The climate, too, was probably not as unfavor- 
able as it now is. The animal industry of the second culture or first copper age 
approaches modern conditions and the races of domestic animals have very likely 
remained the same. The paralleling of these living races with the subfossil remains 
and their exact comparison can not be undertaken in this memoir because of the 
lack of material, but it is to be hoped that it will be made possible through a con- 
tinuation of the study of bone remains from Turkestan. 
Mucke* in his theory of domestication contends that domestication could not 
have been accomplished by a people in the hunting stage, but only by a primitive 
people who did not make use of weapons against the animals. This would agree 
quite well with the conditions at Anau. If, however, we do not consider the Anau-li 
unqualifiedly as the direct domesticators and breeders of the domestic animals, 
this is because, according to Mucke, the essential basis of breeding is the possession 



*Mucke, J. R., Urgeschichte d. Ackerbaues u. d. Viehzucht, p. 256. Greifswald, 1898. 
