438 ANIMAI, REMAINS FROM THE EXCAVATIONS AT ANAU. 
of cattle designated as Tschomru and Tshorwa, who intermarry and whose children 
choose either the life of nomads or of farmers. 
If breeders of cattle or cultivators of the soil lived separated in (tines 
times, it is certain that there was no opportunity to adopt a nomadic life unless 
animals who supplied food had already been domesticated. Consequently, the 
first domestication of cattle must have been made—in my opinion—by a settled 
agricultural people such as the ancient Anau-li were. Hence, either Mucke’s 
theory does not satisfy the requirements, and a settled agricultural people was 
able to effect domestication; or if nomads wandering from oasis to oasis, from 
plateau to plateau, were able to accomplish this, then it is certain that this people 
came from within the local sphere of culture of Anau. That the sphere of Anau’s 
intercourse widened later and was brought by nomadic tribes into relations with 
other spheres—perhaps the Indian—is shown, aside from the importation of metals, 
by the sudden appearance of Canis familiaris matris optime, the shepherd-dog of 
the European bronze period, as well as by that of the camel and the goat—animals 
which arrived during the eneolithic period of Anau’s culture II, between 6000 and 
5100 B.C. 
Until this time, therefore, the Turkestan-Iranian sphere of culture remained 
free from foreign influences, and the domestic animals—whether tamed by the 
settled Anau-li or by nomadic neighbors—were autochthonous products. ‘This is 
the essential point. For this reason, as far as the theory of the descent of the domes- 
ticated animals is concerned, it matters little whether domestication was effected 
by the settled Anau-li or by their nomadic neighbors. The most important point 
for us now is the fact already noted, that the climatic and physiographic condi- 
tions at Anau facilitated the domestication of the wild animals, which sought 
refuge on the oases during the dry time before the foundation of the settlement. 
Another very probable change to aridity took place at the end of culture I, possi- 
bly initiating a migration westward of the nomadic cattle-breeders, accompanied 
perhaps by some cultivators of the soil, who, passing through the Caucasus, brought 
the domestic animals of Anau to Europe. 
What influence the climatic and physiographic conditions exercised upon the 
fauna of Anau is made very clear by the following combination of the relations of 
the approximate ratio of distribution, mentioned before on pages 341, 342. 
Culture Ia, the lowest 8 feet of culture-strata, extending down to 7800 B.¢., 
contains: Cattle, 27 per cent; sheep, 22 per cent; horse, 20 per cent; gazelle, 20 
per cent; wolf, 11 per cent. The bovines keep the principal place, and by the 
same percentage of occurrence of the horse and gazelle the opinion can be intimated 
that the horse here occurs in a wild state like the antelope. 
The following period, the eneolithic culture, from 7800 to 6000 B. ¢., shows 
us. a very changed relation: Horse, 28 per cent; cattle, 25 per cent; sheep, 25 per 
cent; pig, 12 per cent; gazelle, 7 per cent; fox, 2 per cent; deer, 1 per cent. The 
horse forms now the most important stock, and this would seem to indicate that 
the people had become in part nomads, as I mentioned in my hypothesis in opposi- 
tion to Mucke’s. 
