CONCLUDING REMARKS. 439 
The next period (culture II, North Kurgan) shows how the sheep predominates 
still more and more among the other animals: Sheep, 25 per cent; cattle, 20 per 
cent; horse, 20 per cent; pig, 15 per cent; goat, 10 per cent; camel, 5 per cent; 
dog, 2 per cent; gazelle, 2 per cent; other wild animals, 1 per cent. This develop- 
ment, increased by the progress of the aridity of Turkestan, reached its point of 
culmination in the relations of the figures shown by census of 1903: Sheep, 80 per 
cent; goat, 8 per cent; camel, 7 per cent; horse, 4 per cent; cattle, 0.1 per cent. 
Never have figures spoken clearer! The agriculture and pasture of the ancient 
times is gone. The large animals which want much food for their support, like cattle 
and the horse, can not be kept; only the sheep accommodates itself well to the 
dryness of the climate, and so forms nearly the entire part of the domestic animals 
of Turkestan. The later importations from the south, as the goat and the camel, 
continued to be useful down to the modern inhabitants. Certainly the physio- 
graphic changes were one of the primeval causes of the frequent emigrations to 
Europe or Southern Asia undertaken by the cattle-breeding nomads of ancient 
Turkestan. It is clear that the establishment of a genetic relationship between 
the domestic animals of Turkestan and those of Europe is especially important, 
and I consider that the appearance at Anau of the long-tailed Ovis aries palustris 
is of the greatest importance in this connection. 
According to Professor Pumpelly’s stratigraphic chronology, which is without 
doubt the most exact prehistoric chronological table that we possess, the 20 feet 
of culture-stratum at the base of the North Kurgan dates from the latter half of 
the IX millennium (8250) B.c. The turbary sheep (Ovvs aries palustris) attained 
its full development 6250 B. c., while we find the large-horned transitional form 
from Ovis vignet arkal about 7000 B.c. Therefore, a migration, which, leaving 
Turkestan between the VI and VII millenniums B. c., penetrated Western Europe, 
might have taken with it this sheep as well as Sus palustris (the turbary pig) and 
the long-horned cattle. It follows that the turbary sheep could not have arrived 
in Europe earlier than in the VII millennium B. c., and since we find its remains 
in the oldest lake-dwellings and early neolithic stations of Central Europe, these 
can not be of greater age. In passing through the Caucasus and Southern Russia 
these emigrants may have adopted and brought to Europe the small dog, Canis 
familiaris palustris, which had possibly been domesticated by a hunter tribe. 
Further on we will consider the small turbary cattle (Torfrind) which they brought 
with them instead of the long-horned cattle of Anau. 
I must say here that these statements do not agree with former ideas con- 
cerning the age of the domestic animals.* The subfossil occurrences in the Forest 
Bed, Tidal Basin, London; Lea Alluvium of the Mills and Canningtown, as well 
as the remains of Ovis aries palustris at Schweizersbild, led me to assume that they 
dated from paleolithic times. This was because there then appeared no valid 
reason to the contrary and because I believed then, as now, in the domestication 
of the European diluvial horse in the paleolithic age. Stimulated by the exact 
consecutive chronological dating of our finds from Anau, I have had, in company 


* Die Tierwelt der Ansiedelungen am Schlossberge zu Burg an der Spree, pp. 292-293. 
