HUMAN REMAINS FROM THE NORTH KURGAN. 455 
length according to Bumiiller, the index is 21.8 right and 21.3 left, therefore 
tolerably near the mean value found by the above author. 





Trochanter | Epicondyle |Index, 
length (a). width (6). | a:0. 
pill ined 2 2) Sacer dg ei este) pe Rane about 410 go 455 
INeandertalyrioiitine cach icc we vaca 423 87 486 
Neatidertal@letivwstn 1 chem ore 425 87 488 
\Japaneseneis tema ccs cos cee See. 390 78 500 
Array eign een eg che ees Sv eie as 447 88 508 
ANAWE Melt errs ere settee ters stents etre 2 452 87 519 
Senoi, male, right and left......... 366.5 69 530 
Senoi, female, right and left........ BO765 66 556 
Malay Smetana tor meee meee: 410 76 539 
Wieddatiin mrt © ee eis sere eck | 425 78 545 
UNC ST LG p aren iis ee at ok el gaat Ae 0 390 70 556 

The torsion measured between the collum axis and the condyle tangent 
amounts to right 26° and left 28°. These are high values, as high as those observed 
by Martin in Senoi (1905, p. 625). European femora have, according to Martin’s 
determinations, in the mean a torsion of only about 8°. 
Of the two tibie the right one is almost wholly preserved; of the left one, 
on the other hand, there is only the upper end, which is very defective in the right 
one. ‘This makes it possible to reconstruct the right tibia, so that the measure- 
ments of length can be determined closely within a few millimeters. There can 
be very little doubt that the two tibie belong to one individual; not only do the 
measurements agree well, but the more delicate features, such as the form of the 
tuberosities, etc., are almost as if reflected in the mirror. 
The tibia also shows a series of indications that refer it to an inferior race. 
Thus one is at once struck by the considerable lateral flattening of the upper and 
middle part of the diaphysis, which one is used to designate as platycnemy, and 
by a decided curvature of the shaft toward the front (plate 95, fig. 5). These 
two features stand, as Manouvrier has shown, in a certain relation, and indeed so 
that platycnemy is found more often on tibize with forward convexity than on 
straight ones. Manouvrier (1888, p. 497) has traced both of these peculiarities 
to one and the same origin, the powerful function of the lower part of the leg under 
severe exertion in walking and running, as it is brought into play especially among 
primitive hunting peoples. According to his view, platycnemism is caused by the 
constant work of the musculus tibialis posticus, which has to keep the lower limb 
upright, while the curvature toward the front is caused by the pressure working 
under similar circumstances with a tendency toward fracture, a strain which recurs 
at every step, especially in going downhill. 
As regards the two mentioned features, it is clear from the investigations 
of Manouvrier and other authors, that such flattening of the tibia is found especially 
among peoples of the lower stage of civilization. Platycnemy occurs, it is true, 
occasionally everywhere, even among modern Europeans, but it occurs here much 
more rarely and to a lesser degree than among peoples living in a so-called state 
of nature, where it is in places the rule. But not among all: the Negroes, for 
instance, form an exception. 
