460 HUMAN REMAINS FROM THE NORTH KURGAN. 
The same index for the trochlea of our Anau talus on both sides amounts 
to 79.4. The narrowing is therefore somewhat more pronounced than in adult 
Europeans, but does not attain any exceptional degree. 
On the other hand the Anau talus differs in another characteristic considerably, 
not only from Europeans, but also from all other races concerning which we have 
the results of investigations, viz, in the angle by which the axis of the neck and 
head differs from the longitudinal axis of the trochlea (plate 96, fig. 2). For 
this angle Volkov (1903, p. 706) gives the following values: 
Negroes, sales Fateecr owe wee nree ter aye Hskimos;-males (ere as dees au ier -) he 
Melanesians males #2... eee ne cole 23.4°) Weddas, males... waiacceitine senetetnts 20° 
Nepritos, malesac omelet rents ceo 23° Patagonians) imales seeac cet oieini ie ceils 20° 
Eitesians? malesey arene ere eee ee 237 Europeans, males. bie dees 0s vaean at iy ice 
In Anau I the deviation of the neck for both sides is 31°; it is therefore higher 
than the average of any of the races enumerated. But even individual values 
as high as this were found by Volkov only in new-born children, where he measured 
angles up to 35°. The values given for Japanese up to 47° are clearly wrong, 
since the mean is stated as 19° and the minimum as 28°. Still, Adachi found among 
Japanese a mean of 19°, but individual variations up to 32°. Thus the Anau 
talus takes an extreme position in this clearly primitive characteristic, only 
Japanese occasionally showing as high a divergence. 
The torsion of the head of the talus is important, because the transversal 
arching of the foot is in part dependent on it. According to Volkov’s investiga- 
tions (1904, p. 320) its values form an increasing series: 
New-born Europeans...........+.++%. 16..5°) (Negroes... 5). <0) dante oie oe 36° 
Neégtitos tt etka oe ene eee 34° Japanése ye ise ts aie eens cae eens 39° 
Melanesiansimiie. «caches ree ee Sno EMO peas sc... s'90.4n pind tae veel oe 49° 
In the Anau talus the torsion is less than in any of the races investigated by 
Volkov, 30° to 33°, and is therefore a primitive characteristic of high importance. 
The calcaneus also shows peculiarities which differ from that of the European. 
Its sustentaculum tali is very strongly developed; as Volkov has shown ‘the 
lower races’’ form in this respect “‘a real transition between the foot of the anthro- 
poids and the foot of the European.”’ Plate 96, fig. 3, shows this difference. 
Still another characteristic is to be seen in this figure, one that points to a 
slight height of the arch of the foot. The joint-surface of the calcaneus intended 
for the cuboid is more wide than high, and, looked at from below, is less visible 
than in the European, because it stands more vertical in relation to the longitu- 
dinal axis of the calcaneus. The wide, low form of this joint-surface is especially 
striking in Anau I. We find in this a breadth-height index for both sides of 62.5, 
while 5 Europeans gave a mean value of 92.0. 
The anterior inner joint-surface for the talus on the left is divided into two 
separate facets, while on the right these are connected by a narrow isthmus. 
The right naviculare is very thick on its medial edge; on the lateral, on the other 
hand, itis narrow. An index which we calculate, taking the thickness at the inner 
edge as 100, amounts to 47.4. It is interesting to compare this with the figures 
given by Volkov (1904, p. 38) as shown at top of next page. 
