CHAPTER XXIV. 
REPORT ON THE LARGER STONE IMPLEMENTS OF THE KURGANS 
AT ANAU. 

Of the larger stone implements found in the northern kurgan at Anau and 
not treated of by Dr. Schmidt in his report, there are few types, and those are 
roughly made, common utensils. 
Commonest and most important of all are the flat or gently curved mealing- 
stones on which the household supply of flour was evidently ground. These 
occur at intervals all through the culture-strata, and are sometimes accompanied 
by the muller, a more or less smooth, cylindrical kind of stone, which was rolled or 
rubbed over the flat surface of the larger ones. All the mealing-stones found in 
this kurgan—and they were many—were composed of a fine-grained quartzite 
conglomerate. In form they were the exact counterparts of the ‘‘metates”’ 
used to-day by many Indians of Arizona, New Mexico, and Mexico, to grind their 
wokus and parched corn. It is probable that these were made by cracking apart 
a small quartzite bowlder and rubbing the two new surfaces together till they 
became flat. Then, if the mealing-stone would not stand true, it was either 
chocked up with pebbles under the curve, or in some cases chipped flatter with a 
few blows of a stone maul. I am convinced that when first made, these ‘‘metates’’ 
were perfectly flat, and took on the shallow curve we found in so many only after 
a considerable amount of use; and also that the muller was held fast in the hand, 
and not rolled, for the only two I found, one of which lay on its mealing-stone, 
showed worn facets running longitudinally, which intersected the original curve 
of the cylinder (see fig. 496). 
There were in this kurgan no true mortars for grinding grain or roots, although 
in the southern hill we found almost as many of them as of the flat mealing-stones. 
The single possible exception to this was a barrel-shaped stone 9 inches high, with 
a round depression in one end 2.5 inches deep and 4 inches in diameter (see No. 4, 
fig. 497). My reason for not classing this utensil with the flour mortars of the 
South Kurgan is that, unlike them, the inner edge is sharp and delicate and would 
not allow for the gyroscopic wobbling motion of the pestle which gives the grinding 
crunch so necessary with kernels. It may have been used to powder earths or 
charcoal for colors, or even for ceremonial uses as a mere receptacle. This stone 
was also grooved longitudinally, perhaps for after-use as a weight. In this respect 
it is obviously to be classed with No. 43, fig. 498, found in the South Kurgan. 
Figs. 499 to 504 represent a number of small quartzite dishes or saucers of 
indeterminable use. For the most part they were fairly well finished both inside 
and out, and suggest ceremonial intention. It is hardly possible that the oval 
form would be used for crushing anything, so they must be classed as receptacles, 
477 
