the Stomach of the Lama. 407 
dies, and are very strong: a lymphatic vessel was seen, of a great 
size, in the peritoneal tunic of the stomach. 
The second stomach is almost entirely composed of cells, but they 
differ a good deal from those in the first stomach. ‘They are deep 
and extensive, but lie, as it were, awmbricated, and in layers. ‘The 
mucous membrane differs still more and more. It 1s soit and 
papillose ; and, upon the whole, this stomach bears a certain re- 
semblance to the maniplus of the ruminantia in the nature of its 
surface, but it is quite peculiar as to the arrangement of the cells. 
This stomach is of considerable magnitude, and is generally very 
fleshy. ‘The muscular bands exist, but are not quite so regular as 
in the first stomach. 
There is a marked division between the second and. third sto- 
machs. The surface in the contraction, which constitutes the divi- 
sion or the neck of the third stomach, is quite smooth, whilst there 
is no separation whatever between the third and fourth stomachs, 
but the surfaces are perfectly distinct. Both the fourth and fifth 
stomachs are characterized by longitudinal folds; but there is a 
slight change of surface, and a positive contraction between the two 
stomachs. 
It will not, I trust, then, added Dr. Knox, be ever repeated 
by any one, ‘that the stomach of the lama has a portion of it, as it 
were, intended to resemble the reservoirs for water in the camel ; 
but they have no depth, are only superficial cells, and have no 
muscular apparatus to close their mouths, and allow the solid feed 
to pass into the fourth cavity, or truly digesting stomach, without 
going into these cells.” 
It may now be asked, what proofs have we that the lama possesses 
the same cause as the camel for its power of abstinence from drink? 
To this it may be answered, that a similar structure ought to pro- 
duce a similar result ; and although I do not myself consider it as 
satisfactorily made out, that the mechanism by which the camel and 
lama can each refrain from drinking fer so long a period, depends 
altogether on the structure of the stomach, yet it is not improbable 
that it may in part be connected therewith. Many travellers re- 
port that the lama never drinks, and a foreign writer (Father Feu- 
iliée) is quoted as describing the stomach to be not only provided 
with a large reservoir for carrying water, but that, like the stomach 
of the camel, it has the same machinery for allowing the separation 
ot solid from liquid aliment. 
Ihave hitherto,in conformity with the language used by anatomists, 
spoken of single, double, triple, quadruple, and quintuple stomachs, 
as if there were such distinctions in nature ; but I do not believe 
they exist. The stomach of all animals is. a single organ: it may be 
divided, asin the ruminants, the camels, and the cetacea, into various 
compartments, and these may have their specific uses ; one may be 
intended slightly to affect the alimentary mass first received into it ; 
a second to alter it still further by its juices; a third may be in- 
