LOCAL CONDITIONS OF FORESTRY IN ENGLAND. 5 

ing. On loams, and Pee cially ailhoreteal Shite ey grow well 
up to an elevation of 600 feet, and instances are noted of 
Specimens 100 feet high, 12 to 14 feet in girth, with a volume 
up to 180 cubic feet. 
Quercus pedunculata and sesstliflora (The Common Oaks),— 
These two Oaks, when the types are distinct, show charac- 
teristic features, of which the following are the more 
important :— 


Q. pedunculata. Q. sessiliflora. 
Flower and fruit distinctly stalked sessile, or nearly so 
Petiole of leaf half an inch or less often an inch long. 
| in length. 
Blade of leaf lobed at the base ' gradually merging 
into the petiole. 
Persistence of leaves fall when ripe many adhere to the 
_ tree during winter. 
Branches spreading tending upwards. 


QO. pedunculata is much the commoner Oak, and, as is well- 
known, grows best on strong loam, or on a light loam witha 
clay sub-soil. In some parts of the country, however—notably 
in Notts—Oaks of large diameter are found on light soil 
overlying sandstone. While this tree is met with up to 1,000 
feet and over, the best specimens occur at considerably lower 
elevations. Perhaps 600 feet may be taken as the profitable 
limit of the cultivation of the Oak, at least in high forest. In 
North Durham the tree suffers from smoke, and there many 
large specimens are to be found ina dying condition. The 
largest specimens are reported from the Sherwood Il orest 
district of Notts, where a girth of 29 feét 4 inches and a 
height. of 105 feet are reached. Some of these trees are 
supposed to be about 1,000 years old, though, as they are 
hollow or decayed in the centre, the exact age of the oldest 
specimens can never be determined. While most of the 
measurements refer to QV. fcdunculata, a few are specially 
noted for Q. scsszliflora, a specimen of the latter variety in 
Kent girthing 18 feet. 
Ulmus campestris (English Elm).—Like so many otker trees, 
this grows best on a moderate loam, though good specimens _ 
are recorded from lighter and heavier soils. In Durham and 
