6 LOCAL CONDITIONS OF FORESTRY IN ENGLAND. 

Cumberland this species appears to grow well up to 600-700 
feet, though it is not very commonly met with in these coun- 
ties. Many examples of trees 10 to 12 feet in girth, and up 
to 100 feet in height, are recorded; and in Hertfordshire a 
specimen is mentioned whose height is 120 feet, and girth 
21 feet 7 inches. 
Ulmus montana (Scots or Wych Elm).—This species affects 
the same class of soil as the last, the vertical distribution in 
England being almost similar. On the whole the Scots Elm 
does not appear to reach either the height or girth of extreme 
specimens of the English species. Both are cultivated in 
parks and hedgerows, rather than in close forest. 
Diseases and Inguries due to the attack of Fungi, Insects, 
Mammals, and Birds. 
Disease of the Larch.—As might have been anticipated this 
is the disease that receives most attention. It is reported 
to be prevalent in most districts, though perhaps less so in 
the East of England than elsewhere. From Northumberland 
an experienced observer reports that scarcely a larch planted 
since 1860 has escaped. No remedy is suggested, though 
care in thinning and attention to cuitural details are 
suggested as mitigating agencies. 
Rot in the centre of the larch and other conifers is occasion- 
ally noted. This is an obscure disease that is certainly 
encouraged by the character of the situation being unsuitable 
to the species concerned. 
Canker of the Ash appears to be fairly common, and from 
Glamorganshire thére comes a report of a wood of 40 acres 
which is almost destroyed by this disease. Felling infected 
trees would appear to be the only preventive measure that is 
practically applicable. 
Nectria ditissima, a minute fungus that attacks dicotyle- 
donous trees, is occasionally noted, as is also Rhytisma 
acertnum, FLystertum ptnastri, Nectria cinnabartna, and other 
parasites of minor importance. 
Of insects there is frequent mention of the commoner 
species, 
