LOcAL CONDITIONS OF FORESTRY IN ENGLAND. 7 

The Pine Shoot Tortrix Moth is troublesome in Durham 
and Glamorgan, against whose attack hand-picking is fairly 
successful. 
Lhe Pine Beetle and the Pine Weevil are common every- 
where, and are very destructive under a careless system of 
management. Both can be kept in check by giving atten-— 
tion to the early removal of dead and dying conifers, 
including trees that have recently been felled. 
The Pine Sawfly is reported from Durham, Stafford 
Wiltshire, and Glamorgan, hand-picking and crushing being 
the usual remedies. 
Other insects of less importance, whose presence is 
occasionally noted, include Sz7ex gzgas (Durham), Cockchafer, 
Larch, Spruce, and Beech Aphides, Oak-leaf Roller Moth (very 
common), Ash and Elu bark Beetles, Pissodes notatus 
(Glamorgan), Sostrichus bidens, Phyllopertha horticola, and 
Goat Moth. The last is reported to be very common on elms 
in London parks, infested trees being treated successfully 
with a dressing consisting of a mixture of soot and lime. 
Of Mammals note is made of attacks by Harcs, Rabbits, and 
Deer, against which netting and fencing are the most approved 
safeguards. Sguzrrels are very destructive in many districts, 
barking conifers—especially the Larch and Scots Pine—and 
destroying the buds of Spruce, Pine, Horse Chestnut, and 
othertrees. The one effective means of protection is shooting. 
Voles—both the field and water species—do a certain amount 
of damage under special circumstances. 
Practically no damage is ascribed to birds, though the bull- 
finch is twice noted as destroying a few buds, and in a moor- 
land district of Northumberland, blackgame sometimes 
destroy the leading buds of Scots Pine and Spruce. 
Market Conditions. 
Carmarthen.—The demand is good for Alder and Birch, the 
wood of which is largely converted into clog soles, Pole-wood 
of any species is readily marketable in the Welsh and Lanca- 
shire Colliery districts. Ash and Oak find a ready sale for 
railway and wheelwright work. 
Carnarvon.—Medium sized Alder, Birch, and Sycamore is 
