7A AGRICULTURAL WAGES ABROAD. 



The information relating to wages of Russian labourers is 
compiled from Zhe /ndustries of Russia: Agriculture and 
Forestry, published in 1893 for the World’s Columbian Exposi- 
tion at Chicago, by the Russian Ministry of Agriculture and 
Crown Domains. The period to which the wages relate is 
stated to be ‘during late years’ (z.¢., preceding 1893) in the 
case of annual wages, while the daily wages relate to the 
period 1882 to 1891. | 
The average annual wages of adult labourers engaged by 
the year ranged from £3 to £10 8s. per annum for males and 
from £2 10s. to £6 for females. The highest average rates 
were paid in the Southern Steppe Governments and St. 
Petersburg, Courland and Astrakhan. The wages are 
exclusive of the value of board and lodging, which are 
stated to be provided free by the employers in the case of 
workpeople engaged by the year. — 
The range in the average daily wages of labourers engaged 
by the day is shown below : 
Average daily wages. 
Soe 
During Spring Sowing - - . - Yo< tO) TS 
During Haymaking— - - - 3 SO) tO: 2 Gs, 
During Wheat Harvest . = : gf to 2 7% 
In these cases, also, the highest wages were paid in the 
Southern Steppe, Baltic, and Lake Governments. The 
average daily wages are those of labourers engaged by the 
day and not providing their own teams and implements. The 
wages paid to those men-who provide their own teams and 
implements are stated to be from 33 to 50 per cent. higher 
than those recorded above. | 
According to the Journal ofthe Russian Ministry of Agri- 
culture and Crown Domains, the range in the average daily 
wages of day labourers in the agricultural districts of Euro- 
pean Russia in 1899 was as follows :— 
With Board. Without Board. 
dl. d. 
During Spring Sowing - oe fi =) 1316. tosnoy 4°8 to 10°8 
During Haymaking - - - - 4°8 to 10°8 6:0 to 13°2 
ihese figures do not apply to labourers providing their own 
teams and implements, whose wages are much higher. 
The Adstract does not- furnish details of the wages of 
agricultural labourers in Belgium, but information on this 
